The research explores the compatibility of syntactic characteristics of legal English and plain English. The paper analyses the competition of linguistic means of expression between plain English and legal English. To this end, the paper (1) explores the characteristics of legal writing and identifies syntactic features that cause comprehension problems; (2) analyses syntactic features and means of expression of plain English; (3) investigates the compatibility of the requirements for plain English with the characteristics of legal English. The research is based on the Treaty of Lisbon. The findings prove that although formal requirements for legal English are compatible with the requirements for plain English, there is a great difference between the means of expression of the two variations. Nevertheless, plain English principles allow appropriate user-friendly syntactic competitors for most complicated cases of syntax in legal writing.
The article investigates the society, economy, demographics of The Nothern Curonian Spit in the sixteenth century. It is considered hypothetical genealogic relationships and origin of population of the northern Curonian Spit. After statistical analysis of the collected tax data, it is analyzed population, welfare, social structure, dynamics of lifestyle’s lows and highs, extent and causes. Personal names, place names, processed statistics presented in this article could be material for further researches of comparative or economic, historical sociology, anthropology and filology subjects.
Šiame straipsnyje naujai – pasitelkiant imagologijos teoriją – perskaitomas didžiausias Ievos Simonaitytės romanas „Vilius Karalius“ (1977-ųjų leidimas). Parodomas ne tik prancūzų imagologo Daniel-Henri Pageaux išskirtų požiūrių (manijos, fobijos, filijos bei idiokrazijos) į kitą kultūrą išryškėjimas romane, bet ir svarstoma, ar atsiveria naujų romano vertinimo perspektyvų. Kaip antraeile metodologine atrama straipsnyje naudojamasi ir kito imagologo Joepho Leersseno akcentuojama centro bei periferijos skirtimi, ryškiai atsiskleidžiančia „Viliuje Karaliuje“. Kadangi I. Simonaitytės tekste vaizduojamas lietuvininko susidūrimas su vokiškąja kultūra, daugiausia dėmesio straipsnyje skiriama veikėjų tarpusavio įtampoms.
This paper examines language policy options as they relate to post-colonial primary education in Creole-speaking multi-ethnic Caribbean states. It first discusses the different roles of English and vernacular languages, the former as the language of instruction in formal education and the latter as interactional languages within local communities. It concludes with theoretically based practical notes on language teaching appropriate to each policy option. This paper uses as an illustrative example the language policies in bi-ethnic Guyana and addresses the critical issue whether the Ministry of Education, through social aspects of its policies, should take responsibility for community languages or ignore community languages in order to focus on early proficiency in the English language. The controversial decision is to what extent primary education should emphasise high English inputs for early academic attainment or prioritise community language inputs for promotion of social equity. This paper considers three language policy options, one policy option matching each of these extremes and one addressing the middle ground. Each policy option is contingent on three decision criteria: density of entry languages, available resources and the extent to which communities value their languages. These policy options are: (i) English language immersion, (ii) Transitional language policy and (iii) Bilingual policy. The three policies options are illustrated with comparative examples from several pluri-ethnic states.
The article is devoted to the historiographic analysis of French flute manuals of the 18th-19th centuries. The author has examined the technological and artistic principles of the formation of French flute didactics at different stages of historical development. The educational books by Jacques Hotteterre, Charles de Lusse, Benoit Tranquille Berbiguier, François Devienne, Antoine Hugot, Johann Wunderlich and other performer-educators have been investigated by using the comparative analyses. Theobald Boehm’s reform has been displayed in terms of its impact on flute playing technology. The author also has focused on the discussion about its use in the educational process at the Paris Conservatory.
This article analyses the correct use of phrases with the verb taikyti. It discusses the semantic structure of the word, and its different interpretations in dictionaries of the Lithuanian language. Data is collected from the ‘Corpus of the Modern Lithuanian Language’, sources about various functional styles, and a survey. It shows the real contemporary usage of the verb taikyti in texts related to health. The correctness of the use of the examples collected is analysed, and special attention is paid to problematic cases that require a more detailed analysis. The research indicates that for some phrases with taikyti which users view as correct, better contextual equivalents can be found.
Using the relational database of KN morphology inflection of adjectives is investigated: masculine (and non-gender forms) stems, feminine stems and their correlation. The unique and well-established paradigms of inflection types are reviewed. The variation of stems and its causes, the language differences in the individual parts of the KN are dicussed.
Having analysed the forms of the shapes of the ethnic musical instruments of the mankind, the data of the research leads to the presumption that the musical instruments convey the images of the fauna, mode of life, which reflects on very ancient processes of the humanity. The great part of the images of these instruments shows not only the animal kingdom and tools of everyday life, but also the ancient totemic world outlook and the means of burying – process of traveling to ‘another’ world. These means were canoes, boats and even sea ships. Connection with the water and sea propose the idea about the features concerning two cultures – fishing and shipping. The reflections and relics are evident in the shapes of the ethnic musical instruments of mankind. However, the ‘Sea’ culture is noticeable only in the civilisations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece and in the traditions of using the musical instruments of the current people living in these areas. The ‘Water’ culture relates with fishing in the local rivers and lakes and is evident in the traditions of many nations of the world. The images of the fishing culture are the most noticeable feature of the instruments of the Baltic people.
The article draws attention to the distinctive features of Louis Passarge’s art of travel writing and to his originality best seen in the descriptive rendering of the Curonian landscape. The author offers many interesting ethnographic and historical details to describe the customs, the social relationships – the way of life prevalent among late nineteenth century Curonians. Passarge’s philological analyses, no less than his descriptions of landscapes, show that he was a writer of considerable talent. The article’s conclusions suggest that, in addition to factual information, Passarge’s work provides esthetic enjoyment as well as evidence of the intellectual attributes that characterized the writer.
,,RES HUMANITARIAE“ XXVIII numeris pasižymi skelbiamų publikacijų įvairove, bet jo sandara ir turinys lieka ištikimas šio leidinio tradicijai. Straipsnių autoriai – įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio universitetų mokslininkai, analizuojantys naujausias etninės kultūros, etnomuzikologijos, kalbotyros, literatūrologijos, istorijos temas.