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The Evolution and Transformation of Patentology in the Digital Economy: An Analysis of Changes in Relevance and Function

Rasa Žilienė Rasa Žilienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2822

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 193–206

Abstract

The digital economy has transformed intellectual property protection, challenging traditional patentology paradigms and raising questions

about the evolving role of patent systems in digital innovation ecosystems. This article examines the historical development

of patentology, and analyses how digitalisation has reshaped the functions, scope and economic significance of patents. Using a systematic

literature review (n = 74, 1962–2025), comparative institutional analysis and thematic synthesis, the study explores four key

issues: the historical foundations of patent theory, transformations driven by digital technologies, emerging challenges in innovation

ecosystems, and implications for innovation management and policy. The findings reveal major shifts: software patents redefine patentable

subject matter; standard-essential patents introduce licensing complexities and hold-up risks; and open-source models challenge

traditional exclusivity principles. Patents have evolved from simple exclusion rights into strategic assets in licensing networks,

platform ecosystems and collaborative innovation environments. This study contributes by integrating fragmented perspectives into

a coherent framework that combines technological, institutional and strategic dimensions of patent system transformation. It highlights

the implications for innovation management, regional development and policy reform, arguing that patentology must adopt

interdisciplinary approaches, combining economics, management, technology studies and law, to remain relevant in the digital era.

The Evolution of Theoretical Models of Employee Engagement: from Instrumental Effectiveness to a Holistic Psychological Well-Being Approach

Dovilė Švažė Rimantas Stašys

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2821

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 181–192

Abstract

Although employee engagement has dominated management practice for several decades, the scientific discussion still encounters

the fragmentation of the construct. This article examines the transformation of the concept of employee engagement, from early

notions of organisational effectiveness to modern complex multi-dimensional constructs. A systematic analysis of scientific sources

revealed that the concept of engagement has evolved from a limited, results-oriented approach to a holistic (full engagement) model.

The review highlights fundamental theoretical frameworks, including the job demands-resources model, social exchange theory,

and the caring human resource management approach. The lack of consensus indicates the complexity of the phenomenon under

investigation, and contemporary trends emphasise the need to align organisational goals with employees’ personal needs and values.

The Introduction of an Electronic Sales Channel in an Organisation / Elektroninių pardavimų kanalo įvedimas organizacijoje

Kristijonas Starkutis

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2820

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 168–180

Abstract

An electronic sales channel is a tool that organisations use to reach their end customers and sell to them directly or indirectly. The

aim of the work is to analyse the theoretical specifics of electronic sales, and develop a theoretical model for introducing an electronic

sales channel and to improve it for experts. Scientific problem: How to effectively introduce an electronic sales channel in an

organisation? Research methods: comparative analysis, systematisation, and generalisation of scientific literature sources, qualitative

(expert interview) survey. The results of the study show which segments the experts supplemented the theoretical model with and

indicated the problems of introducing the theoretical model. According to experts, the main problem in introducing an electronic

sales channel is finding qualified personnel, leading personnel to understand what an electronic sales channel is. These are the main

problems from which other problems arise, which are: cost management, the regularity of selected intermediaries, compatibility, and

integration difficulties.

Leadership Activities Aimed at Ensuring Cybersecurity in a General Education School / Vadovų veikla užtikrinant kibernetinį saugumą bendrojo ugdymo mokykoje

Rasa Skališienė Šarūnė Kazlauskė Ilona Klanienė All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2819

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 155–167

Abstract

The article analyses the importance of cybersecurity in schools and the role of the school principal in ensuring a safe digital environment.

The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with principals of general education schools. The research results revealed that educational institutions are increasingly facing cyberthreats, such as phishing emails, malicious links, or misleading messages about alleged dangers. These threats can disrupt the educational process, pose risks to data security, and damage the institution’s reputation. The findings show that school leaders’ activities in ensuring cybersecurity focus on organising preventative and interventional measures, mobilising the community, developing internal procedures and response algorithms, and cooperating with institutions. It was observed that principals often lack experience and feel psychological stress and legal responsibility for potential consequences. Different perspectives on the principal’s role emerged, from that of a key leader to one in which there is a shared community responsibility model. However, there is agreement that effective cybersecurity assurance is based on the principal acting as an educator, threat manager, prevention organiser and community mobiliser, actively involving the entire school community in building a culture of security.

School Leaders’ Leadership in Developing Participatory Decision-Making in the Management of Educational Institutions / Vadovo lyderystė plėtojant dalyvaujamuosius sprendimus švietimo įstaigų vadyboje

Ana Gabrielė Sabancevaitė Julija Melnikova

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2818

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 141–154

Abstract

The article analyses the leadership of managers of educational institutions in developing participatory decision-making in organisational

management. The aim of the study is to empirically reveal how leaders lead in constructing and implementing participatory

decisions, and what significance they acquire in management practice. The study is based on a phenomenological approach, applying

a qualitative research strategy and semi-structured interviews with six managers of educational institutions. The results reveal that

participatory decisions function as process-based management tools that strengthens the organisational culture, trust and employee

engagement, contributing to the effectiveness of management. However, their development is constrained by structural factors in

the educational system, time limitations, and internal cultural restraints, such as employee passivity. It was found that the leader’s

leadership is an essential factor determining the success of participatory management in the face of structural contextual and internalorganisational PDM risks.

Fatherhood and Motherhood in Higher Education Institutions: the Formation of Inequality in Career Achievement / Tėvystė ir motinystė aukštojo mokslo institucijose: nelygybės formavimasis siekiant karjeros

Agota Giedrė Raišienė Sigita Juravičiūtė Aušrinė Greičiūtė-Solovejė All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2817

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 128–140

Abstract

Academic careers are based on expectations of high productivity, professional mobility and constant availability, therefore parenthood

and motherhood in the academic environment become a relevant issue of work organization and career opportunities. The aim

of the article is to reveal the preconditions for unequal career opportunities for employees with children in academic organizations.

The study is based on a qualitative interpretative design, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The study highlighted three interrelated processes that take place in the academic environment, which form unequal career opportunities. These are

the transfer of professional requirements outside the formally defined working hours, conditionally applied and unequally accessible

flexibility, and the impact of these processes on employees professional pace, engagement and career decisions. It has been established

that employees‘ experiences differ and this depends on gender, career stage and available support resources. The article shows how everyday academic work practices become a prerequisite for the formation of unequal career opportunities.

The Formation of Sustainable Consumer Decision-making in the Digital Marketing and Media Ecosystem

Inta Ozola

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2816

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 116–127

Abstract

Consumer decision-making is becoming increasingly complex in the context of digital transformation, particularly within sustainable

consumption. The digital marketing and media ecosystem not only ensures the availability of information, but also shapes perceptions,

trust and social norms. This study develops and empirically tests an integrated model of sustainable consumer decision-making in a digital environment. The study applies a quantitative approach based on a survey of 384 respondents, and uses structural equation modelling to assess direct and indirect relationships between the digital environment, information, trust and sustainable decisionmaking. The findings show that the digital environment significantly shapes information perception, while information quality and credibility are key drivers of trust. The results enhance our understanding of sustainable consumption as a structured and socially influenced process, and explain the attitude behaviour gap. The study highlights trust as a key element, and provides recommendations for improving digital communication and governance to support sustainable development.

Employment Opportunities of Pre-Retirement Age (60 to 64) Individuals: Digital Self-Perception and Regional Polarisation / Priešpensinio amžiaus (60–64 m.) asmenų užimtumo galimybės: skaitmeninė savivoka ir regioninė poliarizacija

Inga Nomeikienė Inga Nomeikienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2815

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 102–115

Abstract

This article analyses the employment of people of pre-retirement age (60 to 64 years old), and its links to digital literacy and subjective

health status in Lithuania. The aim of the study is to identify the main technological and social barriers limiting the motivation and opportunities of older working-age people to remain in the labour market in the context of regional exclusion. Secondary data analysis was performed for the study, using data from a representative survey of the Lithuanian population in 2025 (n=650). Comparative analysis was applied, dividing respondents into two age groups (50 to 59 years and 60 to 64 years), and assessing their declared digital literacy according to place of residence and education. The study revealed a clear regional polarisation: in rural areas, low or zero digital self-awareness among 60 to 64-year-olds reaches 23.9%, while in the capital this indicator is eliminated. It was found that higher education acts as a protective factor against technological isolation, while people with secondary education usually have only basic competencies that are insufficient in the digitalised labour market. The employment trajectories of pre-retirement age people in Lithuania are determined by the complex interaction between declining investment in human capital, poorer subjective health status, and a lack of digital trust. The article concludes that active ageing in regions often becomes forced activity, determined by economic deprivation rather than successful technological adaptation.

Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement, Implementation Barriers, and Competitive Advantage in Latvian SMEs

Oļegs Ņikadimovs

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2814

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 89–101

Abstract

This study examines whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributes to sustainable competitive advantage in Latvian small and

medium-size enterprises (SMEs), and whether perceived implementation barriers reduce that effect. The study draws on a cross-sectional

survey sample of 729 SMEs operating in 14 industries. The analysis uses hierarchical ordinary least squares moderation models with meancentred variables and HC3 heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors, controlling for firm size, firm age, and industry. Five item-level moderation models were estimated to assess specific barriers. The results indicate a positive association between CSR engagement and sustainable competitive advantage. However, the expected weakening effect of implementation barriers is not supported. The overall interaction was not significant, and the barrier-specific effects lacked robustness. The findings suggest that perceived implementation barriers should be understood as contextual challenges and boundary conditions, rather than as fixed constraints on CSR-related competitive advantage. Future research should test these relationships with longitudinal, broader regional and multi-respondent designs.

Regional Identity in the Context of Measuring the Socio-Economic Attributes of Tourist Destinations in Slovakia

Kristína Meliušová

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2813

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 74–88

Abstract

The main objective of the study is to identify generally measurable socioeconomic and demographic indicators of tourist destinations in

Slovakia, divided according to the level of existential conditions, standard of living, relational needs, and awareness of the population,

and, through their measurement, to evaluate the level of the Regional Identity Index in the studied territories. In the processing of the

selected issue, quantitative research is applied, according to the authors Rosičová et al. (2016), in the form of calculating the Regional

Identity Index (IRI). It determines the level of IRI of selected regions, according to which the level of competitiveness of tourist destinations

can also be determined. Twenty-four selected factors are examined, divided into four groups: existential conditions, standard of living, relational needs, and awareness of the region’s inhabitants. The study sets two research questions, dealing with the examination

of the level of regional identity of individual tourist destinations, and the overall average regional identity of the regions in the years studied.

The results of the study show that the highest level of IRI is achieved by the Bratislava region tourist destination (a value of 57.15

in 2024) and the lowest value in the monitored period is the Košice region (a value of 23.70 in 2023, and 25.42 in 2024).

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