Klaipėdos universitetas

The article analyses the historical context of the life and activities of Jesus of Nazareth, and includes the person of Pontius Pilate. At the centre of the Christian faith has always been and is the figure of Jesus Christ. Therefore, Christology occupies an important place in theological studies. No theological study will be complete without a deeper look at Jesus Christ. Christology has received particular attention throughout the centuries, but studies over the last few decades, especially in the second half of the twentieth century, place particular emphasis on the historical person and context of Jesus Christ. In this context, various historical figures are found. This includes Pontius Pilate. This deputy of the Roman emperor ruled Palestine at the very time when Jesus Christ lived and acted in it. He entered history as one of his participants in the trial, initially trying to justify Jesus, but eventually condemning him and perishing with the “Jewish hands”.

Šiame straipsnyje siekiama apibrėžti darbuotojų pasitikėjimą savimi mažinančius veiksnius neapibrėžtumo sąlygomis skirtingą veiklą vykdančiose organizacijose. Atliktas tyrimas trijose Lietuvos verslo organizacijose atskleidė, kad net ir skirtingos darbuotojų pasitikėjimą savimi mažinančios priežastys lemia panašias pasekmes. Nustatyta, kad įtampa, perdegimas, nusivylimas ir kitos darbuotojų savivertės mažėjimo išraiškos tiesiogiai veikia darbuotojų įsitraukimą į organizacijos veiklą ir jos efektyvumą. Darbuotojas nepajėgus atstovauti įmonės interesams, jeigu negeba atstovauti pačiam sau. Būtent pasitikėjimas savimi, kitaip savivertė, yra veiksmingos individo ir organizacijos sąveikos pagrindas. Savivertės mažėjimo priežastis – neapibrėžtumo nulemti savęs atstovavimo apribojimai. Šiandiena tai aktualu visoms organizacijoms, nes visas paveikė užsitęsusi COVID-19 pandemija, globalūs ekonominiai pokyčiai, socialinio bendravimo ir komunikacijos iššūkiai.

The aim of this study is to compare the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Hungary’s economic and social terms in the period from 2004 to 2015, with an emphasized character in the tourism processes. Each of the four countries joined to the European Union (2004). The 2008 economic crisis seriously affected these areas at both national and regional levels. We try to find the answer to what kind of processes took place in the economy and in tourism; and what kind of role has the regional marketing toolbar in each countries’ prosperity; and it is still possible to enhance the affirmation of the tourism potential with the online marketing tools.

Straipsnyje analizuojami teoriniai vartotojų elgseną paslaugų sektoriuje lemiantys veiksniai. Šiandienos visuomenėje ypač svarbus yra vartotojo individualumas bei įmonės gebėjimas prisitaikyti prie besikeičiančių kiekvieno kliento poreikių. Teorinė analizė atskleidė, kad medicininių įstaigų veiklos kokybės įvertinimas yra pacientų pasitenkinimas suteiktomis paslaugomis. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais išskiriami ir apibendrinami aplinkos veiksniai, kurie turi tendenciją vyrauti daugelio pacientų elgsenoje bei sprendimo priėmimo situacijose, renkantis odontologinių medicininių paslaugų teikėją Vakarų Lietuvoje. Privačių klinikų pasirinkimą lemia paslaugų pasiūla ir prieinamumas, fizinė aplinka, įstaigos veiklos vertinimas bei vidinės nuostatos. Viešas klinikas renkasi mažesnes pajamas gaunantys respondentai.

The study presents alternative measures for measuring the welfare of a country in the context of identifying relationships generated by the impact of changes in the income level, measured by gross domestic product (GDP), related to other welfare, measured by the Happy Planet Index (HPI). The analysis was conducted in Romania, during the period from 2012 to 2016. The research methodology involves simple linear regression and welfare descriptive variables such as GDP, GDP/capita, HPI and its subcomponents’ indicators, namely life satisfaction, life expectancy and ecological footprint. Identification of aspects that have an impact on the welfare of citizens allows to compare levels of wellbeing experienced worldwide and to identify the main areas at the national level on which improvements can be made. The results indicate that, although there is no correlation between GDP and HPI, GDP/capita has great influence on both life satisfaction and life expectancy. Also, GDP has influence on the ecological footprint. Given these considerations, the main conclusion of the research is that, although the level of welfare, quantified using GDP, changes positively, this change is due to the increased life expectancy, life satisfaction, reduced ecological footprint rather than to changes in income levels.

The article discusses the origin of the place-name Preila. Preila is a settlement located in the Curonian Spit. To this day, there is no obvious and definitely proven interpretation of this name’s origin. The reason for this is a failure to detect linguistic motivation of the origin of the onym in the kursenieku language. The settlement itself was set about as late as the 19th century, while most linguists tend to look for ancient (Curonian of Prussian) origin of its name. Both phonetic and morphologic structure of the name seems to support this approach, but there was a shortage of proof that motivating lexeme with the theme Preil- could survive through to the 19th century in the language or onomastics of kursenieku language.The article employs several analysis methods, in particular: comparative, internal reconstruction, cartographic, geolinguistic. As some proof surfaced of presence of the onym in cartography prior to establishment of the settlement, the author makes assumption that it was an undocumented Curonian person’s name that gave birth to a place-name, which could initially be just a name of a steading or a micro-toponym.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami žemiausiojolygmens vadovų tinkamumo organizacijai nustatymo klausimai, siekiant paskatinti tvarų ekonomikos augimą regione. Nagrinėjama formali žemiausiojo lygmens vadovųveiklos vieta valdymo grandinėje TV–ŽLV–PAV. Nustatyta, kad organizacijoje siekiant maksimalausrezultato, būtinas glaudus tiesioginio vadovo, žemiausiojo lygmens vadovo irpavaldinių valdymo grandinėje TV–ŽLV–PAVryšys ir tinkamumas, kad organizacijos tikslai ir jų siekimo būdai būtų visiemssuprantami. Todėl kiekvieno darbuotojo (grandies) valdymo grandinėje TV–ŽLV–PAV veiksmai darbo procese turi būtisuderinti su kito veiksmais. Parengta metodologija ir sukurtas žemiausiojolygmens vadovų tinkamumo nustatymo valdymo grandinėje modelis pasižymi tyrimometodų (taikyti kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai metodai) ir prieigų įvairove(atliekama kryžminė tiesioginio ir žemiausiojo lygmens vadovo bei pavaldiniųapklausa). Pabrėžiama,kad žemiausiojo lygmens vadovų tinkamumą organizacijai tikslinga nustatytivertinant valdymo grandinėje TV–ŽLV–PAV: kur TV – tiesioginis vadovas, ŽLV –žemiausiojo lygmens vadovas, PAV– pavaldiniai, vertinimo kriterijų, t. y. asmeniniųir dalykinių savybių bei vertybių, pagrindu. Kad valdymo grandinėje TV–ŽLV–PAV tarp grandžių vyrautų tarpusavio supratimas ir veikla būtų darni, būtina tenkintivieną iš dviejų sąlygų: visų vertinimai turi atitikti situacijos vertinimą(kiekvieno asmeninis ir partnerio pateiktas vertinimai turi sutapti); jeigrandžių vertinimai skiriasi, partneriai turi stengtis vienas kitą suprasti ir pateisinti arba būtina keisti ŽLV.

The article defines theoretical aspects of the concept of attitude phenomenon, discusses the theoretical aspects in attitude formation,

Regarded as part of the cultural heritage, Confucianism and its principles play a major role in shaping the welfare state and the development of social welfare in the East Asia region. This article aims to analyse the expression and influence of Confucianism on the formation of the welfare state in the East Asia region. The Confucian welfare state has been shown to be characterised by low state intervention and investment in social welfare, relatively strong family ties, an emphasis on family responsibilities and duties in solving social problems, familialism, patriarchal hierarchy, etc. The principles of Confucianism promote a three-tier system of social assistance that includes family, community and governmental layers, in descending order of priority. In the article, the author provides an analysis of scientific literature and foreign research material, and uses synthesis and descriptive analytical methods.

ABSTRACTThe topic of welfare sector development in Belarus nowadays is of huge interest since by means of the welfare development level it is possible to judge the level of the country’s economic system and the quality of public sector services as well. In recent years, especially in times of recession, the welfare sector positions in Belarus have been considerably weakened. This is partly explained by the aspiration to keep the old Soviet designs in the welfare system construction. At the same time, when national and subnational budgets are planned, governments try to hold with great difficulty the budgetary indicators of the welfare sphere at the level of last years. Such attempts, however, lead to the saving of budgetary funds only and they influence the deterioration of the welfare quality. The present paper pursues the aim to show: (i) what tendencies of social budgetary policy can be observed in the time of economic recession, (ii) how consistent was the welfare orientation of the central and local budgets in practice, and (iii) prospect ways for the welfare sector financing and what new financial tools and mechanisms are to be introduced. In the paper, methodology is linked with the suggested approach to evaluate the authority’s fiscal efforts in welfare branches development using the elasticity coefficient in which exists the correlation between expenditure on welfare sphere branches and total budget revenues. By inserting the authority’s financial reports data into the elasticity coefficient there is an opportunity to assess the authority’s fiscal efforts in welfare policy. The main methodology background is based on financial reports of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus and on-line databases present in the public finance area. The author considers the Belarusian welfare branches in national and subnational budgets, their structure, dynamics and other important indicators. A comparative analysis of the welfare sector branches with other European countries is submitted. The paper highlights the inconsistent policy of the Belarusian authorities in the sphere of the welfare branches’ funding. Also, there are considered debatable issues of the welfare sphere finance reformation in Belarus during the economic crisis.