Res Humanitariae

The article presents Lithuanian culture concept priešas and the concept of Russian culture враг comparative analysis, based on 100 samples of mass-media’s discourse (in Lithuanian language and Russian language corpus). Comparison was performed via tertium comparationis: what is known as an enemy, what signs of the enemy are essential, what does enemy do, etc. Analysis showed that in Lithuanian vision the same entity can be both friend and enemy; Russian examples of similar meaning have not been found. The examples of an enemy in Russian discourse may be Great Britain, Germany, German, in Lithuanian discourse – Polish attacking groups, bolshevik. Lithuanian mass-media’s discourse 56 times more often uses word enemy than the Russian mass-media’s discourse.

In this article, I speak of the importance of the symbol of Mary (the Virgin Mary), in particular – of the importance of locating and validating the Shadow of Mary and the instinctual side of Mary. For that purpose, I engage with the ideas of the Jungian authors Marie-Louise von Franz and Clarissa Pinkola Estés. I offer an interpretation of the Lithuanian fairy tale “Agnieškėlė” to show an example of the Shadow of Mary. The main aspect of my article is that I speak of the Virgin Mary in non-Christian terms as of the sovereign female divine who can be the source of the divine power and strength.

The paper focuses on the concept ‘new’ and the reasons of its great influence on modern advertising discourse. This concept is of special significance for the production of modern advertising texts. Most of the goods, which are advertised in the magazine ‘Cosmopolitan’, are positioned as new, recently launched, non-existent before.A good may be advertised in two ways: as reliable, durable and as new. The first method is rarely used, while the second is becoming more dominant – the word ‘new’ does not only appear on new goods, but it is also observable on the goods that have been already existing in the market for a long period of time.A considerable frequency of words meaning ‘new’ indicates that the concept ‘new’ is very important for modern society. Despite the ‘newness words’ (новый, новинка, новшество, инновация), there is a group of lexemes, united by the newness semantics, in advertising texts: these are words that acquire such meaning only in the context.

Occurrence of the agent paradigm and its further applications have stimulated the emergence of new concepts and methodologies in computer science. Today terms like multi-agent system, agent-oriented methodology, and agent-oriented programming (AOP) are widely used. The aim of this paper is to clarify the validity of usage of the terms AOP and AOP language. This is disclosed in two phases of an analysis process. Determining to which concepts, terms like agent, programming, object-oriented analysis and design, object-oriented programming, and agent-oriented analysis and design correspond is accomplished in the first phase. Analysis of several known agent system engineering methodologies in terms of key concepts used, final resulting artifacts, and their relationship with known programming paradigms and modern tools for agent system development is performed in the second phase. The research shows that in the final phase of agent system design and in the coding stage, the main artifact is an object, defined according to the rules of the object-oriented paradigm. Hence, we conclude that the computing society still does not have AOP owing to the lack of an AOP language. Thus, the term AOP is very often incorrectly assigned to agent system development frameworks that in all cases, transform agents into objects.