Archaeologia Baltica

The online economy takes a huge role in today’s globalized world. Internet as a general purpose technology changes how companiesoperate, but it also changes the markets. The online economy has a huge effect on people’s everyday life, private and public companiesas well. The goal of this paper is to analyse the global online economy by countries of origin answering the question whichcountries dominate the internet. After deep literature survey on the subject the Alexa Top 500 database is used to analyse it by themost visited websites in the world. The analysis shows the online economy is dominated by the USA and China. Correlation analysisconfirms that GDP correlates with websites originating from that country. This means highly developed countries have better onlineeconomy with more websites, dominating the online economy.

In the article there is analysed the significant historical period in Chile, when after overthrowing of the democratically elected socialist president S. Allende, and taking power by military Pinochet regime, for the first time in the world history there were created the enabling conditions for the reforms based on neoliberal ideas. The reforms in Chile are significant, because they became the political laboratory for the further modernization reforms in Latin America and the whole world. Together with Chicago university (by M. Friedman) educated Chilean economists there were begun to implement the programmes of privatisation, depolitization, deregulation and decentralization, there was devaluated national currency and significantly reformed the spheres of education, health and social policy. In the last part of the article the authors evaluate the present situation in Chile and the perspectives of its development.

This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Age burials in Lithuania in a broader European context, and data from modern Lithuanians on the basis of recent literature. Several major processes (initial Palaeolithic colonisation, recolonisation after the LGM and Younger Dryas cold relapse, the spread of the Neolithic, and possible small-scale migrations in the Eneolithic age) could have left traces on the modern gene pool. From four Lithuanian samples where data on mtDNA were available, one (Spiginas 4) belonged to haplogroup U4, and three (Donkalnis 1, and Kretuonas 1 and 3) to U5b2. In total, out of 17 individuals from Central and East European non-farming cultures (Mesolithic and Neolithic Ceramic, spanning a period from circa 7800 BC to 2300 BC), a majority of them had mtDNA type ‘U’. An exceptionally high incidence of U5-types (more than 45%) occurs among the modern Saami (Lapps) of northern Scandinavia, perhaps the closest modern European equivalent of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Genetic time estimates based on modern mtDNA have suggested that the U5-type arose by mutation about 50,000 to 40,000 years BP. This age implies that around the glacial maximum 20,000 years BP, U5 types were already present and could have repopulated Central and northern Europe as soon as northern areas were deglaciated. Both western (Franco-Cantabrian) and eastern (Pontic) refugia could be sources of this repopulation. In the recent Lithuanian population, U5 and U4 haplogroups are infrequent. The mtDNA homogeneity observed across modern Europe is a more recent phenomenon, less than 7,000 years old, according to these ancient mtDNA results. We can refer to the third millennium BC, internal European migrations from the Eneolithic that significantly modified the genetic landscape, as a time window little explored by archaeogeneticists. The imprecise chronology of mtDNA mutations should in the first instance be based on audited archaeological sources.

This article reviews current scientific evidence of food resources exploited in the Lithuanian Stone and Bronze Ages and presents the new direct, biochemical stable isotope evidence. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were performed on 75 Stone and Bronze Age animal bone samples and 23 human bone samples. We discuss how the obtained values relate to diet and other evidence of diet, compare the obtained values with regional stable isotope data, and consider sociocultural implications.

This paper describes traces of human activities in the lower reaches of the River Jägala (North Estonia) from the Mesolithic till the Middle Ages. Attention is paid to the conditions essential to life and how people adjusted to them in the Prehistoric period and the Middle Ages. Also, the topic of the ritual landscape is discussed and the possible religious and ritual significance of the landscape analysed. This paper also tries to find an answer to the question whether people in Prehistoric times were only guided by economic considerations, or if there were also other aspects that attracted them near the banks of the River Jägala.