Regional Formation and Development Studies

The role of cross-border cooperation of Kaliningrad region’s of Russian Federation border municipalities in its development strategies are observed. Significance of cross-border cooperation of small and semi-medium cities for its socio-economic development is analysed. The main spheres of cooperation between small and semi-medium border settlements of Kaliningrad region, Poland and Lithuania have been defined. The theoretical base on cross-border cooperation (Russian and foreign researchers) was analysed, and five geographical methods were used on preparation the article.

Until the 2015 elections, youth policy in Poland was treated as a separate domain. There is no uniform legal basis concerned with the matters of young people. Youth rights are dealt with in several articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland as well as a number of Acts: on Public Administration Branches, on the Education System, on Higher Education, on Employment Promotion and Labour Market Institutions, on NFZ General Health Insurance, on Combating Domestic Violence, on Social Employment, on Public Benefit Organisations and Voluntary Service, along with the Labour Code and certain government regulations. The first consistent document concerned with youth issues was the National strategy for young people for 2003–2014, adopted in 2003. Thereafter, the matters of youth policy were discussed in the report entitled Youth 2011, the document Poland 2030 – Third Wave of Modernity, the Long-Term National Development Strategy, and the Government Program for Social Activity of Youth for the years 2015–2016. Following the 2015 parliamentary elections, youth issues were given a lower priority. In the election manifesto of PIS (Law and Justice party), much attention was devoted to family policy, with youth policy being regarded as part thereof. Consequently, on 13 February 2018, the Family, Senior and Social Policy Committee of the Senate of the Republic of Poland adopted a Resolution on “Integrated youth policy”, presenting it as one of the areas of family policy.

Can be accept a variety of viewpoints on genetically modified organism, as well as the products made using them. Therefore, the trade regulation rule base is different when considering different countries. It is noted that in particular the European Union member states formed a fairly tight trading policies of genetically modified organism and products. The article deals with analysis of the use of genetically modified products and trade regulation in the European Union. The object of research – the use of genetically modified products and trade regulation in the EU. The aim of the – of the EU’s legal use of genetically modified products and their marketing of documents, it is structured. The study applied the following methods: a comparative analysis of legal documents as well as the synthesis, classification, modeling.

Regional policy is a very dynamic and broad concept. As we can see from Lithuanian regional policy, regions can be formed very flexibly, using different spatial areas (counties as well as municipalities). This is justified by the main purpose of regional policy – dealing with social and economic inequality. The aim of the Government is, therefore, to identify the remote territories and to divert certain assistance in time. The Government, however, uses short-handed instruments, namely economic indicators, for the revealing of problem areas in Lithuania. The article argues that this is not enough: peripherality and accessibility indicators could be calculated for Lithuanian regions. Calculations of data using the formulas presented quite clear picture and tendencies of territorial development. They proved the existence of poor development axes and good development nucleus. The trend towards institutional development of 6 potential regions in Lithuania could be envisaged.

Europos Sąjungos civilinio proceso teisė, nors turėjo galimybių vystytis nuo pat Europos Ekonominės Bendrijos sukūrimo, savo plėtros pagreitį įgavo Europos Sąjungai suteikus kompetenciją civilinio proceso klausimus reglamentuoti antriniais ES teisės aktais. Nors šioje srityje priimta nemažai instrumentų, vis dėlto dėl riboto jų taikymo (tik tarpvalstybinėms situacijoms) jie pasitelkiami retai, taigi neužtikrina visų ES piliečių teisių apsaugos. Susiklosčiusi situacija, kai tą patį klausimą reglamentuoja tiek nacionalinė, tiek ES teisė, taip pat neleidžia visų teisingumui vykdyti skirtų išteklių panaudoti tinkamai ir veiksmingai. Atlikus tyrimą siūloma plėsti taikomo ES reglamentavimo civiliniame procese sritį ir taikyti bendras taisykles sprendžiant tiek nacionalinius, tiek tarptautinius ginčus.

The 2008 global economic and financial crisis hit hard in Iceland. During the crisis its three largest banks all collapsed in just a few days with severe consequences for the economy and the people. Prior to the crisis, Iceland, a high income OECD country, had experienced strong growth and unprecedented expansion in overseas investments and activities, especially in the financial sector. This article focuses on the actions of the international community when the Icelandic authorities, during a period of great uncertainty, sought assistance to protect the Icelandic economy before the banking system fell. The methodology used in this article is the case study method. Compared to other research methods, a case study enables the researcher to examine the issues involved in greater depth. Arguably, the governments of the Netherlands and the UK tried to fake reality by suggesting that the Icelandic government, i.e. Icelandic taxpayers, should be made responsible for paying the debts of private banks. The EFTA Court ruling confirms that Iceland did not have this responsibility. In retrospect one can argue that the EU showed dishonesty by supporting the Netherlands and the UK in demanding a sovereign guarantee for failed private banks. The Icelandic banking expansion exposed weaknesses in EU integration and may also confirm a certain incompetence within the EU in designing an EU-wide banking system.

The article aims to show that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurs is of great significance and play a crucial rolein almost every nation’s economy and as such have become a major source of employment creation and income generation which inducesinnovation and economic growth. The SMEs sector is of specific importance for the development of the Republic of Moldova.Creating a business environment that fosters small business and entrepreneurship development in Moldova is a key to generatingwider economic growth in the country. As entrepreneurship in Moldova represents a rather new definition and the entrepreneurialactivity is very poor, in this context, the need for SMEs sector support through the creation of stable legal and economic conditionsfavoring entrepreneurial activity development is evident. Empirical research revealed main problems facing Moldovan SMEs, andtheir attitudes to entrepreneurship development.

Moterų ir vyrų savybių skirtumai, jų reikšmė karjerai, organizacijų veiksmingumui ir toliau išlieka mokslinių diskusijų objektu. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos sociokultūrinės, psichologinės ir organizacinės šių savybių skirtingo suvokimo priežastys. Skiriami esminiai psichologiniai efektai, lyčių savybių specifikos vertinimo stereotipai ir kiti galimi įtakos turintys veiksniai. Empiriniame tyrime analizuojamos savybės, priskiriamos vyrams ir moterims, vertinamos darbo aplinkos, elgesio bei vadovų preferencijos lyties aspektu. Tyrimas atliktas taikant kiekybinį metodą ir faktorinę analizę.

Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama vaikystės politikos transformacija Lietuvoje gerovės valstybės kūrimo kontekste, siekiant užtikrinti vaikų socialinį saugumą. Aptariama ES socialinės politikos įtaka Lietuvos socialinės politikos raidai, teigiama, kad socialinis aprūpinimas yra tik viena iš problemų, sprendžiant vaikų socialinio saugumo klausimus. Siekiant užtikrinti vaikų socialinį saugumą, be kitų veiksnių, svarbu įveikti smurtą prieš vaikus ir skurdą. Globalizacijos sąlygomis gausėja smurto prieš vaikus formų, valstybėje taikomi kovos su šiuo reiškiniu metodai yra nepakankami, veikiantys įstatymai labiau skirti nusikaltėlių persekiojimui, bet nepajėgūs užkardyti šios rūšies nusikaltimų. Viena iš smurto prieš vaikus plitimo prielaidų – skurdas. Skurde ir žemiau skurdo ribos gyvenančių šeimų vaikai dažniau tampa smurto aukomis, valstybė dar nepajėgi sudaryti jiems vienodų startinių galimybių socializacijos procese, šia situacija naudojasi smurtautojai. Straipsnyje aptariamos valstybės taikomos skurdo mažinimo priemonės.

This article reflects the impact of regulatory decisions of the Republic of Latvia on the food retail sector and sustainable product supply provided by food retail chains, as well as on operational trends. Attention has been drawn to the law of the Republic of Latvia on the key characteristics of foodstuffs and sales on the market. The research covers development of classification of the main instruments characterizing the products subject to the national regulation, as well as development of a scheme of the impact of the Latvian authorities on the operation of food retail chains. To implement the goal and tasks of the research, the authors have applied quantitative and qualitative research methods of economics, i.e., comparison, grouping, graphical, assessment and analytical methods. The research is based on the results of the previous research conducted by the authors so far, the law of the Republic of Latvia, scientific works published by other scientists, general and special literature and periodicals. The authors have summarized the findings and conducted comparative analysis of the regulatory decisions of the Republic of Latvia as well as presented a market survey within the research.