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The Evolution and Transformation of Patentology in the Digital Economy: An Analysis of Changes in Relevance and Function

Rasa Žilienė Rasa Žilienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2822

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 193–206

Abstract

The digital economy has transformed intellectual property protection, challenging traditional patentology paradigms and raising questions

about the evolving role of patent systems in digital innovation ecosystems. This article examines the historical development

of patentology, and analyses how digitalisation has reshaped the functions, scope and economic significance of patents. Using a systematic

literature review (n = 74, 1962–2025), comparative institutional analysis and thematic synthesis, the study explores four key

issues: the historical foundations of patent theory, transformations driven by digital technologies, emerging challenges in innovation

ecosystems, and implications for innovation management and policy. The findings reveal major shifts: software patents redefine patentable

subject matter; standard-essential patents introduce licensing complexities and hold-up risks; and open-source models challenge

traditional exclusivity principles. Patents have evolved from simple exclusion rights into strategic assets in licensing networks,

platform ecosystems and collaborative innovation environments. This study contributes by integrating fragmented perspectives into

a coherent framework that combines technological, institutional and strategic dimensions of patent system transformation. It highlights

the implications for innovation management, regional development and policy reform, arguing that patentology must adopt

interdisciplinary approaches, combining economics, management, technology studies and law, to remain relevant in the digital era.

From Energy Shock to Social Innovation: Geopolitical Crisis, Regional Divergence and Economic Transformation in the Baltic Region

Giuseppe T. Cirella

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2809

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 19–36

Abstract

The recent energy crisis triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine has profoundly reshaped regional economies across the Baltic

region, transforming energy from a market commodity into a strategic and geopolitical resource. While existing literature emphasises

disruption and vulnerability, this paper reframes the crisis as a catalyst for social innovation. Drawing on a comparative analysis of

Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland, the study examines how rising energy prices, supply insecurity and policy responses have stimulated

new forms of behavioural adaptation, collective action and institutional change. Particular attention is given to decentralised energy practices, prosumer models and governance innovation. The findings reveal that social innovation emerges unevenly across national contexts, shaped by structural conditions, institutional capacity and geopolitical positioning. The paper argues that energy shocks can function as transformative moments, fostering resilience while also exposing internal divergences within the European Union, and reshaping regional pathways toward sustainability.

Opportunities for the Development of the Local Food System by Implementing the Business-To-Government (B2g) Model

Vilma Atkočiūnienė Aušra Žliobaitė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v47i3.2759

Pub. online: 4 Dec 2025 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 47, Issue 3 (2025), pp. 22–36

Abstract

The public sector sales market, dominated by the Business-to-Government (B2G) model, is large and important for economic development

and community sustainability. It is similar but different to, in several key aspects, other markets, such as retail, ‘Business-to-

Consumer’ (B2C) and ‘Business-to-Business’ (B2B). There is a lack of knowledge and a systematic approach to how the Businessto-

Government (B2G) model works, and what opportunities exist to transform existing food systems into inclusive and sustainable

local food systems. This paper explores the implementation of the Business-to-Government (B2G) model at the municipal level. It

also examines changes in public procurement regulations, and their impact on the ability of local food producers to implement the

B2G model when organising meals for children in pre-school institutions, where a short food supply chain strategy is applied. The

business model of farmers in the Rokiškis district, who participated in the EIP project and applied the principles of the short food

supply chain to sell their products to contracting authorities, is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the B2G model, and

actions to address the disadvantages, were identified. In the case studied, the potential for local food supply has not yet been fully

exploited. Local farmers’ cooperatives, as an innovative form of food system, can be both inclusive and effective, but it is necessary

to continuously analyse how the needs of both local product consumers and cooperative members are being met. Based on the concept

of co-production, a collective process of creating alternative food supply chains and supply practices should be developed, to

help establish connections and develop relationships, and enable farmers and consumers to develop appropriate solutions, taking into

account the specific needs of production and consumption systems.

Innovation processes in the social space of the organization

Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v14i3.878

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 14, Issue 3 (2014), pp. 220–229

Abstract

Innovation is not only an economic mechanism, or a technical process. It is primarily a social phenomenon in which the motivation and participation of employees are determinants of success in the process. Hence, many authors emphasise the social dimension of innovation. The paper summarizes the conclusions of the studies conducted among employees from Polish companies on identification of “soft” determinants of innovation processes in the organization, such as human resources, innovative climate and culture conducive to innovation.

INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE AND INNOVATION SYSTEM OF LATVIA

Daina Šķiltere Svetlana Jesiļevska

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v10i2.156

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 10, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 211–218

Abstract

The research andanalysis of strengths and weaknesses of national innovation system is extremelyimportant to successful and efficient innovation support policymaking.Innovation support policies should take into consideration all specifies ofnational innovation system in the country, not being one-size-fits-all. Untilnow, little analysis on the Latvian innovation system was made. The paper aimsto show Latvian innovative performance and to propose factors forwell-functioning innovation system of Latvia. This research gives apossibility to researchers and policy-makers to investigate the mismatchbetween policies and problems and identify policy gaps.

INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIA‘S REGIONS: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Eglė Mineikaitė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v10i2.150

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 10, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 147–156

Abstract

Innovations and innovative activities are becoming themost important feature of a country or region development. For this reason agreat amount of literature highlights this topic. There are a lot of documents,strategies and programs signed which try to enhance business competitivenessand productivity. Formation of regional policy should make that thisdevelopment will ensure a high quality of life throughout the country. Economicgrowth of countries in encouraging to look for more efficienty, which isdirectly related with innovative entities. The significance of innovations isthe focus of EU regional policy. Although the innovation phenomenon is widelyanalyzed, consistent and specified concept is not formulated. Thus, this paperwill primarily discuss the diversity of innovation concept and interface withthe regional concept. Another part of the work aims to reveal the determinantsof the regional development influencing innovation activities by differentauthor’s approaches. The final section of this paper is to present adoptedmethodological matrix for innovativeness evaluation for regions in Lithuania.In Lithuaniainnovativeness is counted just on a country’s level, no territorial importanceis emphasised. Even though innovations are closely related with regionalpolicy. So the main purpose of this paper is to make methodological basis formore detailed (in a territorial contex) analysis of innovativeness in Lithuania’sregions.

Practice of Cross Border Cooperation in Capacity Building Project: Ensuring Sustainable Development

Rasa Viederytė Giedrė Strakšienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v6i1.2338

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 6, Issue 1 (2012), pp. 147–160

Abstract

The article presents the practice of Capacity Building project (CBP) activities underlining the sustainable development importance in the context of Cross Border Cooperation, which was implemented in Denmark, Germany, Poland, Sweden and Lithuania. The article is based on the analysis of statistical data and South Baltic Program documents adopted by the European Commission. The knowledge and experience of CBP formulated in this paper could be useful for future capacity building initiatives in the South Baltic region or in other territorial cooperation programmes. Article authors were official representatives of this project in Lithuania Region and actively participated during the Capacity Building project activities implementation process, took responsibilities during the interview and questionnaire givens collecting in Lithuania, were mentoring the Rent-of-Expert process and made individual consultations, organized trainings and workshops.

Organizational and Process Innovations in International Logistics Companies: the Relevance and Expected Benefits

Rasa Viederyte

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v20i3.1350

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 20, Issue 3 (2016), pp. 134–146

Abstract

This article identifies relevance of Organizational and Process innovations in International logistic companies and explains be the main benefits that could have be expected through implementation of Organizational and / or Process innovation concept. Article presents the main Organizational and Process innovations approaches and innovation contest in logistics technologies, defines the proposed Organizational innovation on Logistics applicable management system solution and explains the Process innovations trends of Logistics development trough Smart Specialization priorities.

KNOWLEDGE SPREAD IN LITHUANIA IN TERMS OF PUBLISHED PATENT APPLICATIONS

Arimantas Bronislovas Knašas

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v14i3.869

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 14, Issue 3 (2014), pp. 123–139

Abstract

Published patent applications. All published applications for inventions subdivided into the three groups. The number of applicants (inventors) in the separate application are ascertained. The number of published applications in the International Patent Classification sections for the 2005-2014 years are ascertained. Selecting published applications R&D and high technology development directions are described.

Influential Determinants of Innovation: Case Study of Latvia and Germany

Carolin Kuhn Ilona Dubra Erika Sumilo

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v7i2.2348

Pub. online: 4 Aug 2022 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 7, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 74–85

Abstract

Innovation is often recognized as a vital source of competitive advantage for business. Taking into account the conditions of increasing globalization at a high level of intensity as well as a rapidly changing technological landscape and also continuous customer demands for new products and services on the modern market, it is needed to assume that businesses have to innovate in order to survive and prosper in the contemporary environment. In the context of the paper at hand the main attention is given to the analysis of the theoretical and empirical aspects of the concept of innovation. There were applied such economic science research methods as monographic, grouping, reference, generalization, graphical analysis and content analysis.

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