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Klaipėdos universitetas

Author: Audronė Bliujienė

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Preface

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 16 Dec 2025 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 32, Issue 1 (2025), pp. 4–5

Lead isotopes in the context of the provenance of copper alloys and mutability processes in Lithuania from the second half of the 1st century to the 13th century AD

Audronė Bliujienė

Irma Vybernaitė-Lubienė

Veronika Biveinytė All authors (6)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v31i0.2667

Pub. online: 27 Dec 2024 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 31 (2024), pp. 98–126

Abstract

This paper presents the results of analysis of lead isotope ratios (208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb,

206Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, 207Pb/206Pb) in copper alloys combined with chemical composition

studies of archaeological artefacts by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS).

The study covers a total of 208 samples collected from 55 sites spread all over Lithuania. The

chronological range of the study encompasses the period from the second half of the 1st century

AD to the 13th century AD. The repeated recycling of copper alloys, the addition of scrap materials

with varying compositions, and the mixing of lead from different geological ore deposits naturally

alter the original chemical composition of the alloy. The continuous recycling and alteration

of materials pose challenges in identifying the original connections between the regions of origin

of copper alloy ores in southern Eurasia and the users of these raw materials in the eastern Baltic

Sea region. Together with lead isotope ratio analysis, investigation of copper alloy types, copper

groups, and metal working technological development fundamentally changes the idea of a linear

exchange of non-ferrous metals. The analysis carried out in this research has enabled the identification

of the provenance and dissemination of non-ferrous metal raw materials (alloys and scrap

metal) as part of the European exchange network at local (the present territory of Lithuania),

regional (the eastern Baltic region), and trans-European levels.

Preface

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 27 Dec 2024 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 31 (2024), pp. 4–6

She is from the 21st century : in memoriam Rimutė Rimantienė (25.10.1920–4.07.2023)

Audronė Bliujienė

Dalia Ostrauskienė Gytis Grižas

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2568

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: In Memoriam

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 144–154

Plants in the artefacts not used for their original purpose. A remarkable case from the Lazdininkai (Kalnalaukis) cemetery in western Lithuania

Audronė Bliujienė

Dalia Kisielienė

Kęstutis Peseckas

All authors (7)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2566

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 116–132

Abstract

This article investigates tinned bronze ornaments found in two graves of the Lazdininkai-Kalnalaukis

cemetery dated to the end of the 2nd century to the first quarter of the 3rd century AD

from the perspective of archaeological materials, intercultural contacts, 14C AMS dating, and

chemical-physical and biological research. These ornaments — a wheel-shaped pendant and a

bead — were originally parts of fashionable necklaces. However, these ornaments went into the

graves as spinning tools. The wheel-shaped pendant from grave 8(1992) contains the first ever

found, or at least officially recorded, use in Lithuania of an aquatic plant for a spinning tool bobbin.

The piece of possible linden tree wood was used to compose the spinning tool bobbin found

in grave 68(2001). These spinning tools are the first to have appeared in Lithuanian archaeological

material from as early as the end of the 2nd century to the first quarter of the 3rd century. In

addition, both spinning tools are unique in the Lithuanian archaeological record so far in that

the copper alloy spindle whorls were used to compose both working tools. The closest analogues

for the wheel-shaped pendant are known from the Wielbark culture and this example should be

considered as an import from that cultural area. Copper alloy beads and various local derivatives,

however, are numerous in the range of the Baltic cultures area. The copper alloy wheel-shaped

spindle whorls from the Migration period cemeteries are the spinning tools created for the specific

purpose of spinning which were produced locally, even possibly in the same workshops.

Analysis of cultural heritage reference materials by portable and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measuring methods : results reliability assessment

Audronė Bliujienė

Šarūnas Jatautis Sergej Suzdalev All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2562

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 6–40

Abstract

This article discusses the results of a large-scale analysis of five cultural heritage alloy reference

materials (CHARM) and their shavings using handheld (pXRF) and stationary energy dispersive

(ED-XRF) spectrometers. The primary objective of these studies was to assess the capability of

the pXRF and ED-XRF spectrometers as a non-invasive surface-measuring technique used for

the analysis of the reference materials and the reliability of the data obtained. The second objective

was to evaluate the capability of the pXRF and ED-XRF spectrometers used for the analysis

of shavings of the same five reference materials and to assess the data obtained. These objectives

required finding the best fitting analytical tools for the comparison, and the assessment of the

reliability of the data, and, very importantly, finding reliable models for data analysis and results

validity verification.

Based on the analysis carried out on the cultural heritage alloy reference materials, it can be concluded

that the results of XRF spectrometry obtained from both spectrometers are reliable and

can be compared to each other by making reference to four basic conditions: that the provided

analysis should be based on certified reference materials of known elemental composition; that

analysis be performed according to appropriate measuring methodology (research protocol);

that analysing tools (predictive analytics) be clearly defined; and, finally, that testing be done on

archaeological artefacts. The reliability and inter-correlation of the results obtained were assessed

to determine the possibility of successfully applying XRF spectrometry in the investigation of

archaeological artefacts produced from copper alloys.

Preface

Tomas Rimkus

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), p. 3

Preface

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 27 Dec 2022 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 29 (2022), pp. 4–5

Essential changes in the composition of copper alloys reveal technological diversities in the transition from the Earliest Iron Age to the Early Roman period in Lithuania

Audronė Bliujienė Gediminas Petrauskas Jurga Bagdzevičienė All authors (5)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v28i0.2281

Pub. online: 29 Dec 2021 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 28 (2021), pp. 39–62

Abstract

In the context of archaeometallurgical studies of copper alloys, it is relevant to record the essential

changes in the elemental composition of copper alloys that occur during changes in technology

and transitions in human history. This article presents the shift in the elemental composition of

copper alloy from bronze-based alloys to brass ones during essential changes in archaeological

material which happened at the turn of the Earliest Iron Age (500–1 BC) and the Early Roman

period, from the 1st century BC to the middle of the 1st century AD. As early as the 2nd and

1st centuries BC, in the Antique world and the Roman Empire and its provinces, brass was already

starting to partly replace bronze. Even if the Earliest Iron Age is the least knowable period

in Lithuanian prehistory, the few pieces of jewellery attributed to this period show the changes

in the composition of the copper alloy. The territorial growth of the Late Antique world and

internal contacts within the Barbaricum led to the expanding strength of commodities, including

raw materials, technologies, cultural ideas and ideological attitudes. Goods and ideas spread

throughout the vast barbarian lands, and eventually reached the forest zone of northeast Europe.

Sudden changes during the Early Roman period were first of all connected with the development

of settlement structure, and this has therefore made it possible to identify some major places of

the production of artefacts and partly changed directions of exchange. All this was accompanied

by the emergence of new jewellery types produced by skilled jewellers according to sophisticated

techniques. These changes are clearly visible in Early Roman period Lithuanian archaeological

material, including the elemental composition of copper alloys. The present article uses X-ray

fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to investigate the composition of copper alloys. Radiography

was used to understand the construction of artefacts, and to assess the degree of their inner corrosion

and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. Solder samples were taken from the surfaces

of several finds, and were analysed by qualitative microchemical analysis.

Preface

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 29 Dec 2021 Type: Introduction

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