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  5. Volume 45 (2024): Fighting for Freedom in the Eastern Baltic, 1918–1920 = Kovos už laisvę Rytų Baltijos regione 1918–1920 metais
  6. (Para)medic Training for Combat Gas Atta ...

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis

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(Para)medic Training for Combat Gas Attacks in 1920–1939 in Polish Vilnius and Lithuanian Kaunas: Professional and Civilian Perspectives
Volume 45 (2024): Fighting for Freedom in the Eastern Baltic, 1918–1920 = Kovos už laisvę Rytų Baltijos regione 1918–1920 metais, pp. 321–350
Aistis Žalnora ORCID icon link to view author Aistis Žalnora details   Viktorija Šimkutė ORCID icon link to view author Viktorija Šimkutė details  

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https://doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v45i0.2658
Pub. online: 10 December 2024      Type: Article      Open accessOpen Access

Published
10 December 2024

Abstract

Between 1920 and 1939, Vilnius, the constitutional capital of Lithuania, was annexed by Poland, prompting the Lithuanian government and civil life to relocate to Kaunas, the temporary capital. Despite local tensions, both cities faced a shared geopolitical predicament in the 1930s, being between ‘Scylla and Charybdis’. Nazi Germany to the west and Bolshevik Russia to the east sought to revise the existing order, threatening Poland and the Baltic region respectively. Anticipating military attacks, both the Lithuanian and Polish governments began preparing in the early 1930s. Archival data reveal that the military, academic specialists and civilians underwent paramilitary training to address threats, such as gas and air attacks, and to develop crisis management strategies. Medical professionals played a critical role in devising measures to prevent and treat injuries from chemical warfare, leveraging medical expertise to mitigate potential losses. This article aims to examine and compare the medical and civilian preparedness for chemical attacks in Vilnius and Kaunas. Our research focuses on two objectives: analysing primary archival documents to uncover strategies by government bodies, military doctors, the Polish Red Cross, and related organisations; and reviewing the public press to understand societal perceptions of the looming military threat.

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Keywords
paramedic training emergency preparedness anti-gas attack measures history of medicine history of public health

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