The main purpose of this article is twofold. The first objective is to follow the main trends in the development in the Latvian’s monetary policy and the European Monetary system accession process, with a focus on the local currency stability problems. It discusses the process and strategies for choice of the strategy as well as the main issues that have arisen in the accession process. The second objective of this article is to investigate the on-going monetary policy of the Bank of Latvia, to analyse the basic principles of its operations and influence on national economic growth. Both objectives fully corresponding to the article’s research object, i.e. to a monetary policy of the Bank of Latvia. Regarding the developed countries the general monetary policy objectives deals not only with maintenance of stability of the exchange rate and general price level, but also with stimulation of economic development, growth of employment and incomes of the citizens. The period from 2003 till 2010 is being investigated. We use a wide range of research methods, such as: grouping method, method of comparison of financial ratios and etc.
This article aims to compare the change of living standard in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia after joining the European Union. The characteristics of living standard are analyzing before joining the EU and after 2004. It is also compared changes of living standard characteristics after the economic crisis. Indicators of living standard, such as the average monthly gross wages, consumer price index, purchasing power, unemployment rate, at-risk-of-poverty rate and others are calculated and compared. The three Baltic states are not only compared with each other, but are also analyzed in the context of the EU. Thus, it can be stated that among the three Baltic States, Estonia is distinguished by highest living standard. Although before the integration Lithuania was ahead of Latvia, but now Lithuania was lower than Latvia by particular characteristics of living standard.
For successful economic transition to the new stage of development improvements in business environment, as also the entrepreneurswho are ready to start your own business and to set up new companies. One of the main challenges the EU Member States face isthe need to boost their level of entrepreneurship and to become more competitive in the global market. That was one of the mainobjectives set by the Lisbon European Council, in March 2000, with a view to improving the Union’s performance in terms of employment,economic reform and social cohesion. Entrepreneurship is not only a driving force in the creation of new jobs, but it alsoincreases and enhances competitiveness and growth, personal fulfilment and the achievement of social objectives. The authors payspecific attention to the need to examine factors that affect the business environment development and entrepreneurship in regions ofLatvia, which determinethe complexity of the existing conditions and factors in each region in Latvia.
Straipsnyje pateikti veiksniai, įgalinantys organizacijų tinklą efektyviaiveikti, jų sąveikos rezultatas yra pridėtinės vertės kūrimas. Nustatyta, kad tinklasgali būti įvardijamas kaip efektyvus, jei turimas bendras tikslas, sukurta politika,turimi įvairių rūšių ištekliai, kurių reikia veiklai vykdyti, koordinuotaorganizacinė valdymo struktūra, užtikrintas optimalus[1]valdymas ir nuolatinė komunikacija. Straipsnyje parodoma šių veiksnių svarba,užtikrinant organizacijų tinklo veiklos efektyvumą. Pateikta veiksnių,įgalinančių organizacijų tinklą efektyviai veikti, principinė schema.
The article notifies the significance of the cultural dialogue which has the history of four centuries, the dialogue between Prussian Lithuania and Lithuania Proper. Taken into account are the peculiarities of ethnic formation of both areas, as well as different strategies of assimilation policy used by Prussia and Russia. Consequently, these different strategies were accepted differently and yielded different effect. The activity of two cultural societies, that of Litauische literarische Gesellschaft, and that of Birutė is taken for comparison in the aspect of rising Lithuanian national self-consciousness, and the emphasis is laid upon sociopsichological aspects of the dialogue (which was not always direct) rather than upon historical or cultural parallels. To refresh run-of-the-mill academic attitude and discourse, unconventional literary means of the detective genre are put to use as a compositional and stylistic instrument.
The purpose of the article is to determine the typological characteristics of decoration of the delmonas of Lithuania Minor and of the national costume pockets of neighbouring nations. This article discusses Klaipėda region delmonas, the pockets of Estonian, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian costume, and the attachable pockets of noble class’s attire of various nations preserved in museums. The decorations of the pockets were studied to support or refute the influence of the fashion of nobility and of international relations on folk costume decor formation and change. The research allowed to identify the decorating techniques, pattern variation and matching features of the pockets.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama kultūrinio turizmo sąveika su etnine kultūra, su tuo susijusio švietimo poreikis, būklė ir plėtros galimybės Lietuvoje, jau sukurtų etnokultūrinio ugdymo turinio gairių sąsajos su kultūriniu turizmu. Iškeliama problema – tarptautinės ekspertų išvados nurodo, kad švietimas ir mokslas yra kultūrinio turizmo plėtros pagrindas, bet Lietuvoje į tai nepakankamai atsižvelgiama. Pateikiami siūlymai, kaip didinti etninės kultūros ugdymo ir kultūrinio turizmo plėtros sąveiką: įtvirtinti Lietuvoje privalomą etnokultūrinį ugdymą bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose, į aukštojo mokslo studijų programas įtraukti etninės kultūros pedagogų rengimą, integruoti etninę kultūrą į turizmo specialistų rengimą ir patobulinti turizmą reglamentuojančius teisės aktus, papildant kultūrinio turizmo plėtrai būtinais aspektais.
The article examines the letters of Kleofas Jurgelionis (1886–1963; Kleopas Jurgelionis, USA – Ray Jurgen), who was a moderniser of Lithuanian poetry, a literary critic, a translator, an editor of periodicals, publicist and lawyer, to Valerija Tysliavienė (1914–1984), who from 1938 to 1940 was a secretary of his newspaper “Tėvynė”, preserved at the Klaipėda University Library (KUB RSS). These letters (1949–1961) are very rich in content, in them the subject themes are abundantly weaved with courtship. This article discusses the topics of Jurgelionis’s letters to Tysliavienė. Taking into account the reasearch into Jurgelionis’s life and creative works and the KUB RSS archive and publications, this article sets out a twofold purpose: to discuss the content of Jurgelionis’s letters to Tysliaviene and to discuss poetry manuscripts and their publications with a textological lens.First of all, this article discusses the general features of the letters, then the article touches upon the dominant topics in the letters. Another, co-stored material is used for interpreting the letters: dozens of letters from the poet to other people; a letter from Henrietta Jurgen, his third wife, to Tysliavienė; several poetry poems; manuscripts of articles revealing new details about his life and the origins of his creative work, his relationship with the Lithuanians in the USA, the activities of the Lithuanian Writers’ Society (USA), the behind the scenes look at the operations at the newspaper “Vienybė”, the cultural and social life of the emigrants, etc.; as well as a bundle of the American Lithuanian periodicals from the archive of “Vienybė”.
The main objective of this study is to show the willingness of citizens to act through the prism of opportunities offered by participation at the local level. Citizens’ activity in public life is the core of democracy. Their engagement may assume various forms, among which the most common form is participation in elections. When it comes to direct democracy, participation in referendums is most widespread. However, an element of democracy, which is cognitively equally important as the above ones, results from citizens’ engagement in institutional activity through membership in political parties, trade unions, non-governmental organisations or local associations. It is also worth mentioning the participation expressed through signing of petitions, taking part in demonstrations or involvement in local initiatives. Having considered all the above data, one can state that it is clearly visible who undertakes political participation in Poland more often, and for whom this is a less frequent activity. This analysis with its conclusions seems to be a crucial suggestion for people who would like to take effective steps in order to increase citizens’ engagement in politics.