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Governance Fragmentation in Tourism Supply Chains: Barriers to Sustainable Destination Management

Rima Karsokienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2812

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 61–73

Abstract

Sustainable destination management increasingly depends on the ability of tourism stakeholders to coordinate actions across fragmented

tourism supply chains. However, governance in tourism destinations is often characterised by dispersed responsibilities, uneven stakeholder engagement, and limited implementation coherence, creating barriers to integrated sustainability management. This article examines how governance fragmentation affects sustainable management at the destination. The study adopts an exploratory qualitative case study based on semi-structured expert interviews with key tourism supply chain stakeholders, including destination management organisations, tour operators, and accommodation and transportation sector experts. Thematic analysis was used to identify governance barriers and potential pathways for improvement. The findings reveal that governance fragmentation weakens sustainability implementation through dispersed accountability, uneven participation, and limited coordination across sectors. The study argues that stronger governance integration, clearer implementation structures, improved role clarity and shared monitoring practices are essential for advancing sustainable destination management.

Legal and Administrative Tools for Managing Overtourism in Sustainable Regional Development

Iwona Florek Magdalena Sitek

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v49i2.2811

Pub. online: 2 Jul 2026 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 49, Issue 2 (2026), pp. 48–60

Abstract

Tourism has become one of the most dynamic sectors of modern economies, contributing significantly to regional development. However,

the rapid growth of tourist flows has led to the emergence of overtourism, which negatively affects local communities, natural environments, and the quality of tourist experiences. This paper examines legal and administrative instruments used to manage tourist

flows in the context of sustainable regional development. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between environmental law and tourism management, including the concept of “use exceeding common use” under environmental law. The study also analyses practical governance tools such as zoning, pricing policies, capacity limits, and stakeholder involvement. Using examples from Lithuania and Poland, the paper demonstrates that effective management of overtourism requires an integrated approach combining legal regulation, administrative measures, and innovative management strategies.

Improving Sustainability in Logistics Through Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Ledger Technologies

Vadym Derkach

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v47i3.2760

Pub. online: 4 Dec 2025 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 47, Issue 3 (2025), pp. 37–44

Abstract

As global pressure increases for sustainable and transparent supply chains, logistics organisations are exploring ways to strengthen

environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed

ledger technologies (DLT) contribute to ESG integration in logistics. The study applies a qualitative desk research approach based

on secondary data from 2017–2025, including sustainability reports, port authority publications, and the industry press. The comparative

case analysis covers four Baltic logistics actors: the Port of Klaipėda (Lithuania), Vlantana (Lithuania), the Freeport of Riga/

Baltic Container Terminal (Latvia), and HHLA TK Estonia (Estonia). The findings show that Klaipėda’s LNG, OPS, and hydrogen

projects enhance environmental outcomes; the Vlantana Norge case exposes social and governance compliance risks; and Riga and

Tallinn demonstrate governance-oriented digitalisation through 5G networks and blockchain documentation. AI primarily supports

efficiency and risk detection, while DLT secures the transparency and auditability of ESG data. Together, they function as complementary

enablers of ESG reporting, though broader adoption requires regulatory alignment, interoperability, and investment in the

digital infrastructure.

An Integrated Smart Rural Development Model: Education, Community Businesses, Youth Inclusion, Cooperation

Vilma Atkočiūnienė Greta Šimkienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v47i3.2758

Pub. online: 4 Dec 2025 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 47, Issue 3 (2025), pp. 5–21

Abstract

The article analyses the challenges to traditional villages in transitioning to a smart village strategy, which is becoming increasingly

relevant due to the ageing population, shrinking services and infrastructure, job losses, and other reasons. In the scientific literature,

barriers such as the lack of local leaders, limited human and financial resources, the digital divide, insufficient cooperation and a lack

of youth inclusion are often mentioned. Although there are successful examples of smart villages in Europe and beyond, they are not

yet widespread. Applying the PRISMA 2020 methodology, the article conducts a systematic content analysis, and formulates an integrated

smart village development model that identifies the main challenges to the viability of villages and smart ways to solve them.

This model reveals that in order to implement the smart village strategy and ensure its sustainable development, the comprehensive

involvement of the local community and the participation and education of young, creative and motivated people are necessary. Interdisciplinary

education, from technological skills and digital literacy to social competences and entrepreneurship, creates conditions

for the formation of local leaders who are able to initiate change, and the entire community can focus on a common goal. Community

businesses encourage a focus on a common goal, strengthen the local economy, and improve the quality of life. Cross-sectoral cooperation

with scientific and government institutions, business organisations and other local communities helps more active participation

in EU initiatives. The four driving forces act as a response to local structural problems, and at the same time create the prerequisites

for strengthening rural sustainability, resilience and autonomy. Substantial changes are possible only when local development challenges

are addressed in a comprehensive manner using a holistic approach, strengthening the unique features of each village, which

are based on natural, cultural, social and human resources, and competence and development capacities.

From Perception to Precision: the Insights of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises into Corporate Social Responsibility and Measurement Scale Validation

Oļegs Ņikadimovs

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v46i2.2734

Pub. online: 4 Jul 2025 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 46, Issue 2 (2025), pp. 128–142

Abstract

This study assesses the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) by reviewing 39 recent significant studies. The theoretical foundation of the reviewed studies serves as the basis for the research instrument designed to assess CSR practices and their impact on the competitive advantage of SMEs. A pilot study involving 102 Latvian SME respondents was conducted to validate the research instrument’s reliability across four scales: competitive advantage, reputation and financial performance, CSR domains and impact, and CSR challenges. The results indicate very good or excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.846 and 0.923. The findings demonstrate that SMEs continue to adopt CSR practices, recognising their strategic benefits which include innovation, operational efficiency and improved reputation. However, challenges such as resource limitations and stakeholder pressures remain important. This validated instrument establishes a foundation for further large-scale studies to explore CSR’s influence on the sustainability and competitiveness of SMEs, emphasising the need for tailored strategies, government support, and effective tools for evaluating CSR impact.

ESG Performance in the Maritime Sector: Analysing the Case of European Ports

Vadym Derkach Jurgita Paužuolienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v46i2.2725

Pub. online: 4 Jul 2025 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 46, Issue 2 (2025), pp. 19–30

Abstract

The integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) principles in the maritime sector has become an essential component in enhancing sustainable development and operational transparency. This article explores the growing importance of ESG frameworks in the maritime industry, focusing on the practical applications and comparative assessment of ESG performance among four major European ports: the Port of Rotterdam, the Port of Antwerp-Bruges, the Port of Klaipėda, and A. P. Moller-Maersk. The paper investigates ESG maturity through a set of defined indicators, such as emissions, renewable energy use, green investment, social performance and governance transparency, offering a critical evaluation of their implementation across different port management

models. The findings highlight significant variability in ESG integration, with Rotterdam and Maersk leading in environmental and governance indicators, while Antwerp-Bruges and Klaipėda are still developing their ESG reporting practices. The study underscores the importance of standardised ESG frameworks, transparent reporting, and digital innovation for advancing sustainability in the maritime sector.

Integrating Environmental, Social and Governance (Esg) Principles into Organisations

Jurgita Paužuolienė Vadym Derkach

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v44i3.2635

Pub. online: 25 Oct 2024 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 44, Issue 3 (2024), pp. 28–36

Abstract

The term ESG, which stands for Environmental, Social and Governance, has gained significant traction in the business world. A

company’s dedication to ESG reflects its awareness of both the positive and negative impacts it has on society and the environment,

influencing not only the business itself but the entire ecosystem around it. Organisations that embrace the ESG framework recognise

that adopting best governance practices leads to positive outcomes across all sectors. This approach helps minimise the environmental

impact and fosters a more equitable world, while maintaining sound administrative processes and sustaining profitability. Incorporating

ESG factors into operations is essential for ensuring long-term sustainability, compliance and competitiveness. By focusing

on environmental stewardship, fostering positive social impacts and maintaining strong governance structures, organisations can

minimise their negative externalities, meet regulatory demands, and appeal to a growing number of ESG-conscious stakeholders.

The main aim of this article is to analyse the ESG principles, and present examples of integrating ESG in large and SMEs companies.

These organisations were chosen as examples of good practice: Maersk, Nestlé, Toyota, Baltic Marine Bunker and Klaipėdos Nafta.

The companies in this article were chosen to show a diverse range of industries and approaches to ESG implementation.

The Identification of Problems in Creating Sustainable Organisations in Ghana

Dennis Amofa-Appiah

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v44i3.2633

Pub. online: 25 Oct 2024 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 44, Issue 3 (2024), pp. 5–16

Abstract

Organisations have been implementing strategies in their business to enhance the continuity of their operations. The emerging issues

related to environmental and social problems have made organisations implement sustainability strategies in their business activities.

The purpose of the study is to identify the problems in building sustainable organisations, and to make recommendations that will

improve sustainable organisations. The article consists of three main parts. The first is the theoretical part, which analyses the challenges

relating to sustainability implementations. The second involves the research methodology, which combined both quantitative

and qualitative methods in the study. The third part of the research focuses on empirical analysis and evaluation. The findings reveal

problems relating to an organisation’s inability to reward and motivate employees’ work or activities done, a lack of local funding

associated with environmentally friendly materials, and a lack of economic development sustainability policies. The research concludes

with recommendations for the effective building of a sustainable organisation.

Pažangių technologijų taikymas vystant žaliąją logistiką

Ieva Kaveckė Jurgita Paužuolienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v42i1.2611

Pub. online: 11 Jul 2024 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 43, Issue 2 (2024), pp. 50–58

Abstract

Pažangios technologijos logistikoje leidžia efektyviau valdyti tiekimo grandinę, optimizuoti procesus, mažinti sąnaudas ir priimti

tvaresnius sprendimus bei suteikia galimybę logistikos įmonėms spręsti sudėtingus iššūkius, kurie susiję su krovinių pristatymu,

sandėliavimu, atsargų ir tiekimo grandinės valdymu. Šios technologijos logistikoje apima maršrutų planavimo programas, transporto

priemonių intelektines technologijas, dirbtinio intelekto panaudojimą klientų aptarnavimo sektoriuje, pažangias sandėliavimo

sistemas ir pan. Straipsnyje keliamas tikslas – ištirti logistinių įmonių pažangių technologijų taikymą vystant žaliąją logistiką.

Atliktas tyrimas su penkiolikos logistinę veiklą vykdančių įmonių atstovais atskleidė, kad taikomos pažangios technologijos įmonei

leidžia prisidėti prie tvaresnių sprendimų: tinkamai valdyti atsargas, mažinti emisijas bei veiklos sąnaudas, naudoti mažiau energijos.

Šių technologijų taikymas įmonėms leidžia optimizuoti operacijas, didinti veiklos efektyvumą, teikti kokybiškesnės paslaugas ir

geriau prisitaikyti prie kintančių rinkos sąlygų. Taikyti metodai: literatūros analizė, sintezė, anketinė apklausa.

Transporto įmonių socialinės atsakomybės plėtojimas neapibrėžtumo sąlygomis

Jurgita Paužuolienė Ieva Kaveckė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v36i1.2512

Pub. online: 21 Feb 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Regional Formation and Development Studies Volume 39, Issue 1 (2023), pp. 72–79

Abstract

Transportas vaidina pagrindinį vaidmenį vystantis beveik kiekvienai šaliai. Veiksmingos transporto sistemos teigiamai veikia

socialinio vystymosi ir ekonomikos augimą, bet gali ir neigiamai veikti aplinką bei žmonių sveikatą. Transportas, kaip paslaugų

pramonės dalis, ypač priklauso nuo klientų pasitikėjimo ir prekės ženklo įvaizdžio. Šiuo aspektu įmonių socialinė atsakomybė

(ĮSA) ypač svarbi. Vis daugiau vartotojų domisi įmonių aplinkosauginiais ir socialiniais klausimais, tad jos priverstos į tai atsižvelgti

ir imtis atitinkamų veiksmų prisiimdamos socialinę atsakomybę. Atsižvelgiant į neseniai vykusios pasaulinės pandemijos sukeltus

sutrikimus bei karą Ukrainoje, atlikta JT Pasaulinio susitarimo narių Europos Sąjungoje transporto įmonių ataskaitų analizė.

Aiškintasi, kokių veiksmų įmonės imasi neapibrėžtumo sąlygomis įgyvendindamos socialiai atsakingą veiklą. Ataskaitų analizė

atskleidė, kad įmonės dėjo dideles pastangas kovodamos su pandemija, nemaža dalis jų sureagavo ir į Rusijos karą prieš Ukrainą.

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