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13th century leather footwear from Vilnius Lower Castle

Arūnas Puškorius Jurgita Kalėjienė Medeina Steponavičiūtė

All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2567

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 133–143

Abstract

During the archaeological excavations in the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes in Vilnius,

the remains of leather footwear dating back to the late 13th century was discovered. These

were only the cut-off lower parts of the footwear, a pair inserted one into the other and stored

in a box together with other exceptional artefacts of that time. The footwear was made of expensive

dyed goat leather. The luxurious leather items of footwear were reconstructed on the basis

of various conducted artefact tests and studies. Based on the construction properties, it can be

assumed that they were intended for indoor wear. Artefacts of analogous construction are only

rarely discovered. Known examples were discovered during the excavations in Velikii Novgorod,

Tver, Hrodna and several other locations to the east of the Baltic Sea. The artefacts from these

territories date back to the late 11th to early 14th centuries.

Plants in the artefacts not used for their original purpose. A remarkable case from the Lazdininkai (Kalnalaukis) cemetery in western Lithuania

Audronė Bliujienė

Dalia Kisielienė

Kęstutis Peseckas

All authors (7)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2566

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 116–132

Abstract

This article investigates tinned bronze ornaments found in two graves of the Lazdininkai-Kalnalaukis

cemetery dated to the end of the 2nd century to the first quarter of the 3rd century AD

from the perspective of archaeological materials, intercultural contacts, 14C AMS dating, and

chemical-physical and biological research. These ornaments — a wheel-shaped pendant and a

bead — were originally parts of fashionable necklaces. However, these ornaments went into the

graves as spinning tools. The wheel-shaped pendant from grave 8(1992) contains the first ever

found, or at least officially recorded, use in Lithuania of an aquatic plant for a spinning tool bobbin.

The piece of possible linden tree wood was used to compose the spinning tool bobbin found

in grave 68(2001). These spinning tools are the first to have appeared in Lithuanian archaeological

material from as early as the end of the 2nd century to the first quarter of the 3rd century. In

addition, both spinning tools are unique in the Lithuanian archaeological record so far in that

the copper alloy spindle whorls were used to compose both working tools. The closest analogues

for the wheel-shaped pendant are known from the Wielbark culture and this example should be

considered as an import from that cultural area. Copper alloy beads and various local derivatives,

however, are numerous in the range of the Baltic cultures area. The copper alloy wheel-shaped

spindle whorls from the Migration period cemeteries are the spinning tools created for the specific

purpose of spinning which were produced locally, even possibly in the same workshops.

Human diet in Lithuania during the Late Roman and Migration periods ( ca. 200–700 AD) based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data

Edvardas Simčenka

Laurynas Kurila

Justina Kozakaitė

All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2565

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 80–115

Abstract

In this study, 71 human individuals were subjected to stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N)

isotope analysis of bone collagen samples for the purpose of determining human dietary patterns

in Lithuania during the Late Roman and Migration periods. More specifically, based on the

isotopic data, the aim was to determine and evaluate any potential dietary differences between

individuals on the basis of their sex, age, social status and place of residence during the periods

in question. The results of this study suggest that there were isotopically clearly distinguishable

dietary differences between individuals from different parts/regions of Lithuania. Also, statistically

significant dietary differences (on the basis of δ15N values) between males and females

were observed (although, when making the same sex-based isotopic comparisons at an individual

site level, the same result was observed only among those from Marvelė cemetery). However, no

statistically significant isotopic differences were detected between different social or age groups.

Overall, these results give us one of the first glimpses into the types of dietary habits practiced by

people in various parts of Lithuania during the Roman and Migration periods, which could also

serve as a good starting point for future investigations into other dietary aspects in the territories

and periods in question that still remain unknown.

New insights into the subsistence economy of the Late Bronze Age (1100–400 cal BC) communities in the southeastern Baltic

Karolis Minkevičius

Giedrė Piličiauskienė

Vytenis Podėnas

All authors (11)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2564

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 58–79

Abstract

This paper presents the findings of a research project aimed at reconstructing the subsistence

economy of the Late Bronze Age communities in eastern Lithuania. We focused on examining

archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological assemblages from three hillforts alongside δ13C and δ15N

stable isotope analysis of plant and animal remains. Our results suggest that local populations

primarily relied on growing domestic plants and animals for their subsistence. By the Late Bronze

Age, they had already adopted a diverse package of cultivated plants, with barley and millet being

the main crops. Also, inhabitants relied on pig and goat/sheep as a primary source for their

protein intake. Finally, δ13C and δ15N measurements suggest that farmers engaged in intensive

agriculture with semi-permanent field systems and moderate application of manure.

T-shaped antler axes in Lithuania : previously unrevealed Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer technology

Tomas Rimkus

Adomas Butrimas Harald Lübke

All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2563

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 41–57

Abstract

This paper discusses one of the most characteristic hunter-gatherer osseous implements — the

T-shaped antler axe. These are made from red deer (Cervus elaphus) antler beam by removing the

trez tine and creating a perforation for a shaft in its place. This type of axe is quite widely known

in the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic contexts of northern, western and central Europe. Until

now, T-shaped antler axes have been only sporadically mentioned in research on Lithuanian

prehistory. Ten T-axes are currently known from eight find locations, concentrated in western and

southern Lithuania. These axes were mainly discovered as single finds during wetland drainage or

peat extraction. Only two excavated sites contained T-axes in settlement refuse layers. This paper

provides details of the find circumstances and technological features of all ten axes, as well as the

results of AMS 14C dating. The dating suggests that this technology had already spread among

hunter-gatherers in the territory of Lithuania as early as the second half of the 6th millennium,

and continued at least until the transition to the 4th millennium cal BC.

Analysis of cultural heritage reference materials by portable and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measuring methods : results reliability assessment

Audronė Bliujienė

Šarūnas Jatautis Sergej Suzdalev All authors (4)

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v30i0.2562

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), pp. 6–40

Abstract

This article discusses the results of a large-scale analysis of five cultural heritage alloy reference

materials (CHARM) and their shavings using handheld (pXRF) and stationary energy dispersive

(ED-XRF) spectrometers. The primary objective of these studies was to assess the capability of

the pXRF and ED-XRF spectrometers as a non-invasive surface-measuring technique used for

the analysis of the reference materials and the reliability of the data obtained. The second objective

was to evaluate the capability of the pXRF and ED-XRF spectrometers used for the analysis

of shavings of the same five reference materials and to assess the data obtained. These objectives

required finding the best fitting analytical tools for the comparison, and the assessment of the

reliability of the data, and, very importantly, finding reliable models for data analysis and results

validity verification.

Based on the analysis carried out on the cultural heritage alloy reference materials, it can be concluded

that the results of XRF spectrometry obtained from both spectrometers are reliable and

can be compared to each other by making reference to four basic conditions: that the provided

analysis should be based on certified reference materials of known elemental composition; that

analysis be performed according to appropriate measuring methodology (research protocol);

that analysing tools (predictive analytics) be clearly defined; and, finally, that testing be done on

archaeological artefacts. The reliability and inter-correlation of the results obtained were assessed

to determine the possibility of successfully applying XRF spectrometry in the investigation of

archaeological artefacts produced from copper alloys.

Contents

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: List Of Contributors

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), p. 3

Preface

Tomas Rimkus

Audronė Bliujienė

Pub. online: 28 Dec 2023 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 30 (2023), p. 3

MOTERS SOCIALINIAI VAIDMENYS BALTIŠKOJE IR SKANDINAVIŠKOJE ŠEIMOS KRONIKOJE (K. SABALIAUSKAITĖS IR K. THORVALL KŪRINIUOSE)

Liveta Ūselė

https://doi.org/10.15181/rh.v31i0.2591

Pub. online: 22 Dec 2023 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Res Humanitariae Volume 31 (2023), pp. 235–253

Abstract

The subject of this research is feminine gender roles in Kristina Sabaliauskaitė’s Silva rerum and Kerstin Thorvall’s The Story of Signe. The aim of the thesis is to identify the most common traditional and non-traditional gender roles of women in historical literary narratives by two women writers. The study identifies six gender roles of women: four traditional (mother and wife, daughter and care-giver/housewife), and two non-traditional (adventurer and competitor). The research shows that in historical literary narratives, despite the space-time of the novels, the main semantic axis remains the traditional gender roles of women. The failure to fulfil traditional gender roles determines the emergence of non-traditional gender roles, and a negative impact on the state of women in the novels.

RETHINKING HEGEL’S CENTURY IN THE TIME OF POSTMODERNISM

Rita Vaičekauskaitė

Pub. online: 22 Dec 2023 Type: Book Review

Open Access

Journal: Tiltai Volume 91, Issue 2 (2023), pp. 222–225

Abstract

The book Hegel’s Century: Alienation and Recognition in a Time of Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 2021) by Jon Stewart is a profound philosophical book. Reading Hegel is a challenge that requires close attention and a philosophical background; nevertheless, reading Hegel together with Jon Stewart is fully rewarded. The great value of the book is that it is mainly very easy to read, and that makes it different from traditional philosophy books, which people find too difficult. The book has an elegant text and a highly individual way of writing. It has already received recognition in the 2021 Prose Awards by the Association of American Publishers (AAP) for excellence in prose in the category Winner in Philosophy.

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