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Journals: Archaeologia Baltica

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Some Notes on the Issue of the Development of Balt Society in the Ninth to the 13th Centuries in the Context of the Socio-Political Structures of the Baltic Region

Marius Ščavinskas

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.276

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 82–101

Abstract

The article discusses questions pertaining to the development of the socio-political structures of the West Balts. On the basis of archaeological studies and scarce historical sources, the conclusion is drawn that the first shoots of statehood might have emerged during the Viking era. It seems that the fortification of hill-forts, the emergence of castles, the increasing differentiation of material wealth, the emergence of proto-towns, and the formation of the stratum of warriors should allow us to talk of the emergence of chiefdoms in the land of the West Balts. However, all these attributes rather demonstrate the development of social structures. The question is put whether the social elite that stood out during the Viking era was at the same time the political elite. Thus, the main question is, what kind of chiefdoms can we talk about, and from when and how did the political elite emerge, which predetermined the emergence of a state in the lands of the East Balts, but which nevertheless did not lead the society of the West Balts to statehood?

East Baltic Middle Iron Age Wealth Deposits in Burial Areas: An Example of Regional Cultural Practice

Ester Oras

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.275

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 61–80

Abstract

This article provides an example of how variable the uses of and practices in prehistoric burial monuments can be. The concept of ‘wealth deposits’ is introduced, which arguably helps to define the variety of intentionally concealed artefact deposits as a whole. An emphasis is put on deposits in burial areas. It is shown that the depositional practices in burial areas vary considerably in the three Baltic countries, and we can definitely talk about small-scale regional practices, not universal and unitarily interpreted cultural phenomena. Special attention is paid to Estonian Middle Iron Age material. An overview of possible interpretations based on purely archaeological reasoning, as well as parallels from written sources, is provided.

Ruptured Space and Time in Lahepera Burial Site in Eastern Estonia

Krista Karro

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.273

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 49–59

Abstract

This article discusses archaeological landscapes as narratives. Artefacts tell stories, but they are also parts of larger stories told

by the landscapes of their time. Landscapes are considered to comprise not only the physical setting to people’s activities, but

also the social space of the inhabitants. As the social world itself always consists of stories, it is possible to read landscapes

as narratives of an area in a certain period. However, these narratives are subjective, because the landscape has been ruptured

by time: the physical and social landscape has changed a great deal over the centuries, and due to the temporal distance, it is

not always easy for an archaeologist to tell the story of a past period.

Narratives can be collective or individual, and so can landscapes. Usually, archaeological landscapes represent the laws and

traditions of a past society, so they are collective landscapes. Iron Age burial landscapes are at present spatially and temporally

ruptured landscapes that narrate the collective stories of their time.

The notions of collectivity and individuality are also used in the discussion of the case study, for understanding these concepts

in society is an interesting problem, especially in the case of the Late Iron Age in Estonia. The transition from collective to

individual burial is a spatial rupture, both in the sense of the physical landscape and the social space of society. In this article,

the rupture will be studied first and foremost from the perspective of the landscape of the burial site, and this will be combined

with different archaeological data from other areas and hypotheses on the Late Iron Age social system previously published.

In conclusion, the spatially and temporally ruptured burial landscape of Lahepera will tell its story.

Observations on Estonian Iron Age Cremations

Raili Allmäe

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.272

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 31–47

Abstract

Several Estonian burial places with cremations were investigated in the period 1997 to 2011. During the research, various descriptive and metric data on cremated bone materials was observed. The present paper is an attempt to systematise and interpret the data collected, in order to provide some generalisations on Estonian cremations. A comparative study of graves on the basis of the minimum number of buried individuals and the number of determined bone finds in graves, as well as bone fragmentation, is presented. Radiocarbon dating (AMS method) of burnt human bones from six investigated graves was conducted in order to specify the usage time of the graves. Some conclusions on possible temporal changes and cultural differences in burial practices are made on the basis of these characteristics.

Dwelling Construction Materials from Pribrezhnoye in the Context of the Formation of Primorskaya Culture

Edvin B. Saltsman

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.271

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 12–29

Abstract

Nine years have passed since the article dedicated to the preliminary results of the research at Pribrezhnoye in the Kaliningrad region was published (Saltsman 2004). During these years, two monographs were published which dealt with characterising the material obtained before 2003. These materials, just like the following ones, have still not provided us with a reason to share the old theories and traditional ideas. This article aims at clarifying some questions concerning the finds from dwellings with a sunken floor, which were collected during the work process.

Preface

Audronė Bliujienė

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v19i0.270

Pub. online: 30 Sep 2013 Type: Introduction

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 19 (2013): Societies of the Past: Approaches to Landscape, Burial Customs and Grave Goods, pp. 7–8

Plates (I – VIII)

Pub. online: 30 Dec 2012 Type: Plates

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 18 (2012): People at the Crossroads of Space and Time (Footmarks of Societies in Ancient Europe) II, p. 276

Volume Two of ‘Aestiorum Hereditas’

Gintautas Zabiela

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v18i0.75

Pub. online: 30 Dec 2012 Type: Book Review

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 18 (2012): People at the Crossroads of Space and Time (Footmarks of Societies in Ancient Europe) II, pp. 272–275

Civitas Rutenica in Early Vilnius in the 14th and 15th Centuries. The Socio-cultural Aspect

Rytis Jonaitis

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v18i0.74

Pub. online: 30 Dec 2012 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 18 (2012): People at the Crossroads of Space and Time (Footmarks of Societies in Ancient Europe) II, pp. 256–269

Abstract

The Civitas Rutenica area, inhabited by Orthodox believers, emerged in Vilnius in the late 13th century and early 14th century. The development of this part of the city can be traced all through the 14th century. The cemetery that was discovered in the central part of Civitas Rutenica reflects cultural and social changes in the Orthodox community. Christian burial rites were practised in this cemetery. Several graves contained luxurious grave goods, including jewellery, some of which was common to the Slavs, and some of which had local origins. As an integrated approach to burial traditions indicates, people of the Orthodox faith were buried in this cemetery. According to written sources, the elite from Rus’ arrived in Vilnius at that time. An analysis of anthropological material reveals some features of the social structure of the Orthodox community.

Prussian Graves in the Sambian Peninsula, with Imports, Weapons and Horse Harnesses, from the Tenth to the 13th Century: The Question of the Warrior Elite

Roman Shiroukhov

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v18i0.73

Pub. online: 30 Dec 2012 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 18 (2012): People at the Crossroads of Space and Time (Footmarks of Societies in Ancient Europe) II, pp. 224–255

Abstract

The article presents the latest data on tenth to 13th-century imports, graves with weapons and horse harnesses in the north Prussian area. The study is made on the basis of five recently investigated Prussian cemeteries, and on vast prewar published and archival data. Questions of the Sambian Aschenplätze and social differentiation in Medieval Prussian society are also partly described. In addition, the 12th and 13th-century and Teutonic Period inhumation graves with weapons and horse harnesses are analysed briefly, in order to demonstrate both the continuity of tenth to 13th-century Prussian culture and its transformation brought about by 13th-century political changes.

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