Archaeologia Baltica

The article presents the latest data on ships sunk in Lithuanian territorial waters of the Baltic Sea obtained during archaeological research conducted by the Underwater Archaeology Group of Klaipėda University. The article contains detailed descriptions of the ways these ships were wrecked as found in historical sources from the 14th to the early 20th century, the localisation of newly found remains of wooden ships, data of their study and possibilities for dating them.

In the Middle to Late Neolithic, pile-dwellings existed in Russia only in the Dnepr-Dvina basin and in the European region, in the Alpine zone, and probably in the western Baltic region. Investigations of sites in the Dnepr-Dvina region with underwater excavation methods have been conducted since the 1970s. The history of the development of these methods is presented here. The preliminary results of complex investigations of the Serteya II site are also covered in this article. An analysis of the remains of fauna, palynological analysis, and traceological analysis of bone tools, and modelling with GIS-technologies, allowed us to recreate the economic activities of the inhabitants of the Serteya II settlement. It had a complex character: it was a hunter-gatherer economy that existed alongside a small productive economy. The latter probably had a prestigious character, and did not play a significant role in the economy of ancient people. A comparison of data from typo-technological pottery inquiries with dendrochronological and radiocarbon dates allowed the determination of peculiarities of the material culture of every construction, and the distinguishing elements of local and newly arrived cultures. An analysis of types of wood allowed us to determine the areas of their origin, and to understand when and from what kind of forest repairs were made. Research shows that further investigation in this region will lead to uncovering other pile-dwellings.

The survey and research of underwater archaeological objects in Lithuania is already in its third decade; therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that the field is new. This article discusses objects that have been found and investigated in inland waters in Lithuania. It is devoted to a discussion of the beginnings of this branch of science, and the stages in its development; and also to a presentation of the main tendencies in underwater research and the results of completed surveys.

Half-carvels are vessels on which the lowest part of the hull is built with overlapping strakes of planking, referred to as clinker construction, and the uppermost parts of the hull are constructed with the planks laid side by side, in the carvel fashion. These mixed planking constructions first occurred in the 16th century (as far as we know), but became very common in later centuries. The aim of this article is to highlight the existence of different versions of clinker construction, and to discuss some reasons behind the selection of the technique.

Lithuanian boat and ship archaeology is a field of studies that is still in its very early stages. This paper is presented as a case study of a solitary watercraft found during underwater prospecting. The subtitle ‘From log-boat to boat’ is intended not only to stress technical innovations and transitions in boat-building techniques, but also to open a new chapter in Lithuanian inland underwater archaeology, with an emphasis on boat and ship archaeology. Some technical features of this boat, such as the bottom made from a single piece of pine, links it to more archaic log-boats. In eastern Lithuanian woodlands, archaic watercraft remained relatively unchanged up to modern times. From appearances, the Rašia boat can be taken as originating during the change from log-boat to boat, reflecting some features that can be retrospective in time to earlier periods of history.

Ostrow Lednicki, an island situated in Lake Lednica between Gniezno and Poznań, is an important archaeological site from the period of the beginnings of the Polish state. In the tenth and 11th centuries, apart from Gniezno, Poznań and Giecz, the town, which has been preserved together with the remains of a stone palace, was one of the main towns of the state of Mieszko I and Bolesław I the Brave. The significance of Ostrow Lednicki in the Early Middle Ages is also emphasised by two bridges leading to the island, the Gniezno bridge from the east, and, the Poznań bridge from the west, which mark an important communication route in that period between Poznań and Gniezno. With the exception of towns, bridges like this were the largest engineering constructions of the epoch in the Slavic world. Systematic underwater studies of the remains of the bridges were undertaken in 1982, and have been carried out with intervals until today. In 2000 and 2001, the exploration of the west bridge was supported financially by the Foundation for Polish Science. It was concerned in particular with building a special apparatus for the conservation of movable monuments after excavating them during underwater studies in the area of the bridge’s location and found by means of metal detectors used in the close vicinity of the west bridge. These studies yielded a large number of artefacts, enriching our knowledge of the material culture of the Early Middle Ages. The military finds, consisting, so far, of over 150 axes and several dozen spearheads and javelins, are exceptionally important. This unique collection of military objects has no counterpart in European archaeology.

Between 2000 and 2010, the Asaviec 2 and Asaviec 7 settlements of Kryvina peatbog (Vitebsk region) were excavated. At Asaviec 2 the excavations concentrated on the northern part, where pure materials of Usvyatian culture were found, and also several fragments of a Globular Amphora culture vessel. The excavations of the new Asaviec 7 settlement (up till 2007) gave us pure materials of Northern Belarusian culture, too. Among them are bone, antler and flint items, made mainly according to local Neolithic traditions. There are two 14C dates for this settlement: 3770±90 ВР and 3870±40 ВР.