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Keywords: Lithuania

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Lithuania’s Roots in the Pottery of the Western Suburbs of Moscow of the 17th and 18th Centuries

Olga N Glazunova

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v16i0.38

Pub. online: 20 Sep 2012 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 16 (2011): Settlements and Towns, pp. 129–142

Abstract

The article looks at possible ways and origins of cultural influence by the example of the pottery production of the New Jerusalem Monastery in the 17th and 18th centuries. It tells about the pottery of the New Jerusalem Monastery, and an attempt is made to trace signs of the influence of different craftsmen, and the situation in general for the development of pottery production and its special features.

Settlements and Piracy on the Eastern Shore of the Baltic Sea: The Middle Ages to Modern Times

Vladas Žulkus

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v16i0.34

Pub. online: 20 Sep 2012 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 16 (2011): Settlements and Towns, pp. 58–71

Abstract

In the 12th century, the Curonians dwelt in the east Baltic region between the Rīga area in the north and Klaipėda in the south. They reached the peak of their economic, political and cultural achievements in the 11th century and the first half of the 12th century. The roots of piracy as a phenomenon have a social character. The most active period of the Curonian Vikings begins in around the mid-tenth century, and lasts until the arrival of the Germans in the 13th century. The well-organised piracy of the Curonians became dangerous to navigation on an important maritime trading route along the east Baltic coast. The Curonians attacked traders’ boats, robbed coastal churches, devastated Danish and Swedish coastal areas, and even stayed for a while. In the times of the Teutonic Order, in periods of diplomatic and military conflict or trading competition, even officials did not avoid robbery at sea. The Palanga coastal population used to plunder shipwrecked boats, and went marauding in coastal waters until the middle of the 18th century.

New Data on Palanga Stone Age Settlement

Algirdas Girininkas

https://doi.org/10.15181/ab.v16i0.33

Pub. online: 20 Sep 2012 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 16 (2011): Settlements and Towns, pp. 48–57

Abstract

The aim of this article is to update the data on the research into Palanga settlement carried out in 1958, the objectives being to publish the discovered material to its full extent, to determine the lithological and cultural layers of the settlement, and to determine the cultural dependence of the communities that lived there. The following are used in the article: archaeological, osteological and macrobotanical material, which is kept at Kretinga Museum and which has not been published till now; stratigraphy of geological strata obtained during the drilling of geological boreholes; and radiocarbon dating of peat from the cultural layer level. The natural and cultural landscape of the habitation period of Palanga Stone Age settlement is also presented.

The Žemaitiškė 2 Pile-Dwelling Settlement

Algirdas Girininkas

Pub. online: 20 Dec 2010 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 14 (2010): Underwater Archaeology in the Baltic Region, pp. 120–135

Abstract

This article discusses issues related to pile-dwelling settlements in Lithuania. It offers a detailed study of the archaeological and osteological material found at the Žemaitiškė 2 pile-dwelling settlement, as well as palynological and radiocarbon research into the settlement’s cultural layer. The article discusses the wood anatomy of pile-dwellings, their dendrochronological dating, and the types of construction material. The studies show that the construction of pile-dwellings in Lithuania began in the Late Neolithic Age, whereas the tradition of living on pile platforms existed throughout the Bronze Age.

Shipwrecks off the Coast of Lithuania

Vladas Žulkus

Pub. online: 20 Dec 2010 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 14 (2010): Underwater Archaeology in the Baltic Region, pp. 28–46

Abstract

The article presents the latest data on ships sunk in Lithuanian territorial waters of the Baltic Sea obtained during archaeological research conducted by the Underwater Archaeology Group of Klaipėda University. The article contains detailed descriptions of the ways these ships were wrecked as found in historical sources from the 14th to the early 20th century, the localisation of newly found remains of wooden ships, data of their study and possibilities for dating them.

Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Stone Age Art in Lithuania, and its Archaeological Cultural Context

Marius Iršėnas

Pub. online: 20 Jun 2010 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 13 (2010): At the Origins of the Culture of the Balts, pp. 175–190

Abstract

This article draws a comparison between the Stone Age zoomorphic and anthropomorphic images that have been found in present-day Lithuania and similar finds from across the Baltic region. Both the attribution of these artefacts to archaeological cultures and their dating are discussed. The article raises the question whether the different archaeological culture that each article belongs to is reflected in its form and style. The article also questions if the concept of archaeological culture is necessary when writing about Stone Age art.

The Processing and Use of Flint in the Metal Ages. A Few Cases from the Kernavė and Naudvaris Sites in Lithuania

Gytis Piličiauskas Grzegorz Osipowicz

Pub. online: 20 Jun 2010 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 13 (2010): At the Origins of the Culture of the Balts, pp. 110–125

Abstract

Flints from the Late Bronze Age (Roman Period?) Naudvaris cemetery (in the Jurbarkas district) and the Iron Age Kernavė settlement (in the Širvintos district) in Lithuania were analysed functionally and from other points of view. The results are presented in the context of key issues on flint processing and use in Lithuania and Poland during the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD when metals were available.

Ancient Mitochondrial DNA from Stone Age Lithuania and the Possible Origins of the First Inhabitants

Rimantas Jankauskas

Pub. online: 20 Jun 2010 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 13 (2010): At the Origins of the Culture of the Balts, pp. 32–36

Abstract

This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Age burials in Lithuania in a broader European context, and data from modern Lithuanians on the basis of recent literature. Several major processes (initial Palaeolithic colonisation, recolonisation after the LGM and Younger Dryas cold relapse, the spread of the Neolithic, and possible small-scale migrations in the Eneolithic age) could have left traces on the modern gene pool. From four Lithuanian samples where data on mtDNA were available, one (Spiginas 4) belonged to haplogroup U4, and three (Donkalnis 1, and Kretuonas 1 and 3) to U5b2. In total, out of 17 individuals from Central and East European non-farming cultures (Mesolithic and Neolithic Ceramic, spanning a period from circa 7800 BC to 2300 BC), a majority of them had mtDNA type ‘U’. An exceptionally high incidence of U5-types (more than 45%) occurs among the modern Saami (Lapps) of northern Scandinavia, perhaps the closest modern European equivalent of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Genetic time estimates based on modern mtDNA have suggested that the U5-type arose by mutation about 50,000 to 40,000 years BP. This age implies that around the glacial maximum 20,000 years BP, U5 types were already present and could have repopulated Central and northern Europe as soon as northern areas were deglaciated. Both western (Franco-Cantabrian) and eastern (Pontic) refugia could be sources of this repopulation. In the recent Lithuanian population, U5 and U4 haplogroups are infrequent. The mtDNA homogeneity observed across modern Europe is a more recent phenomenon, less than 7,000 years old, according to these ancient mtDNA results. We can refer to the third millennium BC, internal European migrations from the Eneolithic that significantly modified the genetic landscape, as a time window little explored by archaeogeneticists. The imprecise chronology of mtDNA mutations should in the first instance be based on audited archaeological sources.

What did the Order’s brothers eat in the Klaipėda castle? (The Historical and zooarchaeological data)

Vladas Žulkus Linas Daugnora

Pub. online: 25 Nov 2009 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 12 (2009), pp. 74–87

Abstract

Built in 1252 by the Livonian Order and later passed over to the Teutonic Order, the Klaipėda castle (German – Memelburg) was the northernmost castle of the Order in Prussia. For both geographical and political reasons, it was separated from the hinterlands of the Order’s state, making its survival strategy here specific. This article analyses the zooarchaeological material found during the 1997-1999 archaeological excavations and dated to the 14th-17th centuries. The analysis of the historical data and zooarchaeological material showed that in the 14th-17th centuries, the inhabitants of the Klaipėda castle (the Order’s brothers, their servants, the outwork’s artisans, and the townspeople who hid in the outwork) reared and slaughtered domesticated animals, hunted large game and consumed its meat, processed cheese, ground grain, drank mead and ale. The bulk of the meat consisted of beef, mutton, and pork, as well as goats’ meat starting 1434. An examination of the species and number of bones of domestic and wild animals in Klaipėda’s castle shows that in all of the Klaipėda castle time periods analysed, differences were found between the historical source information and the zooarchaeological collection. Domestic animal bones dominated in the latter, especially that of ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats); pigs comprised the second group according to quantity. The growing quantity of small ruminants (sheep, goats) starting 1434 also is reflected in the zooarchaeological material; from the 16th to 17th centuries, the number of bones of these animals doubled. The amount of riding horses markedly grows in the inventory books starting the middle of the 15th century, and this also is confirmed by zooarchaeological material. When comparing the results of the zooarchaeological material’s analysis with the known 14th-16th century inventories of Klaipėda’s castle in which there are data regarding the domestic animals (cattle, sheep/ goats, horses, pigs) reared for the castle’s needs and the food eaten by the castle’s inhabitants, changes are observed in the faunal species and amounts of the zooarchaeological material that post-date 1521, when 31.25% consists of pig (Sus suis) bones, while the number of species and bone counts of large wild animals (aurochs/ European bison, elk, red deer) and fur-bearing animals (beaver, bear) grows significantly (from 5.5% to 22.92%). Various kinds of fish caught in the sea near Klaipėda and in the Curonian Lagoon held an important place in the diet of the castle’s garrison. Fowl comprised only a small part of the food.

Diet in early Lithuanian prehistory and the new stable isotope evidence

Indre Antanaitis-Jacobs Mike Richards Linas Daugnora All authors (5)

Pub. online: 25 Nov 2009 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 12 (2009), pp. 12–30

Abstract

This article reviews current scientific evidence of food resources exploited in the Lithuanian Stone and Bronze Ages and presents the new direct, biochemical stable isotope evidence. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were performed on 75 Stone and Bronze Age animal bone samples and 23 human bone samples. We discuss how the obtained values relate to diet and other evidence of diet, compare the obtained values with regional stable isotope data, and consider sociocultural implications.

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