Klaipėdos universitetas

Šių metų vasaros pradžioje sulaukiau netikėto skambučio iš Kyjivo – skambino man gerai pažįstamas ir gerbiamas menotyros daktaras, profesorius, Ukrainos nacionalinės mokslų akademijos M. Rylskio Menotyros, folkloristikos ir etnologijos instituto (MFEI) Etnomuzikologijos skyriaus vedėjas, vyriausiasis mokslo darbuotojas Mychajlo Chaj. Jis be užuolankų paprašė mano pagalbos – išversti iš ukrainiečių į lietuvių kalbą ir Lietuvoje paskelbti jo tekstą apie vasario mėnesį, trečią naujo karo dieną, anapilin iškeliavusią savo Mokytoją, iškilią ukrainiečių etnomuzikolоgę Sofiją Josypivną Hrycą.

The article presents and analyses the ethnomusicological terminology used by Professor Mykolas Biržiška (1882–1962), an outstanding scholar, publicist, and researcher of traditional Lithuanian songs. The scientific activity of M. Biržiška was very extensive. He researched old Lithuanian literature, wrote textbooks, and published many articles. They include ‘The Life and Writings of Donelaitis’, ‘Textbook of Lithuanian Song Literature’, ‘The History of Our Literature’, ‘Our Ancient Writings’, ‘Old Vilnius University’, ‘Lithuanian Geography’, and others. He was particularly interested in the history of traditional Lithuanian culture, and tried to systematise Lithuanian literature, provide a general overview of it, and systematise all collected Lithuanian folk songs. He drew attention to various important features of Lithuanian folk songs in his writings. An important part of this research was devoted to the analysis of the composition of Lithuanian folk songs and the development of a system for their classification. In Biržiška’s times the dictionary of Lithuanian ethnomusicological terminology had not yet been formed, so he had to create new terms and propose new concepts for these terms. His works on the creation of ethnomusicological terminology are also of interest to contemporary scholars: ethnomusicologists, folklorists, and researchers of traditional Lithuanian singing and instrumental folklore.

The article is intended as a presentation and investigation of the historical terminology of traditional Lithuanian musical instruments, details of their construction, and their music-making features. The research material was collected after reviewing Lithuanian ethnomusicological literature from the end of the 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century, in order to find the earliest descriptions in the field of actual terminology. Most attention is paid to the historical works of Mikas Petrauskas (1873–1937), Pranas Puskunigis (1860–1946), Justinas Strimaitis (1895–1960), Mykolas Biržiška (1882–1922), Adolfas Sabaliauskas (1873–1950), and Teodoras Brazys (1870–1930). In this respect, traditional Lithuanian musical instruments are not studied in a systematic way, so the facts presented in this article supplement the work by the contemporary ethnomusicologists and ethno-instrumentologists Romualdas Apanavičius, Marija Baltrėnienė, Gaila Kirdienė, Vida Palubinskienė, Algirdas Vyžintas, Rūta Žarskienė, and others.

The article presents research materials collected by means of surveys of the old Lietuvininkai (residents of Prussian Lithuania) and settlers of the post-war period who lived in the vicinity of the old Lutheran cemeteries; that affected the character of their lifestyle, traditional moral attitudes, and economic activity in one or another way. The major part of the information was collected during summer expeditions to the villages of Saugai rural administrative unit, Šilutė district, in the summer of 2012. Authentic stories and memories of the origin and development of specific cemeteries, burial customs and habits, and the issues of cemetery care or neglecting are published and discussed. The summaries provide the views of the surveyed respondents of the immediate and further prospects of the survival of the said cemeteries.

The article is devoted to examine the importance of horse image in the poetic texts of various genre Lithuanian folk songs from different local ethnic regions. We find different meanings of the biological horse here, such as riding-horse, working horse, mare and jade here as the representatives in the special social context here. The general conclusion is made about horse as very important symbolic object with wide and deep its meanings in the poetic texts of Lithuanian folk songs.