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Journals: Archaeologia Baltica

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The Main Tendencies in the Development of Tenth to13th Centuries Blade Weapons in Belarus

Mikalai Plavinski

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 334–346

Abstract

The article is devoted to the history of tenth to 13th-century blade weapons in Belarus. The main tendencies in the evolution of blade weapons and the most important directions in military-technical contacts of the population of Belarus are defined.

Two Large Silver Hoards from Ocksarve on Gotland. Evidence for Viking Period Trade and Warfare in the Baltic Region

Jan Peder Lamm

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 328–333

Abstract

Three of the most remarkable Viking Period silver hoards found on Gotland form the topic of this paper. They all offer viewpoints upon trade, tribute and warfare in Gotland and the East Baltic area. The oldest of them (t.p.q. 870/1) was found in 1999 at Spillings in Othem parish. It illustrates the enormous influx of Arabic silver in its epoch, weighing more than 66kg, of which 17.5kg are made up of about 14,000 coins. Both of the other hoards were found at Ocksarve in Hemse parish, the first in 1920, the second in 1997. The hoard of 1920 i.a contains 112 Byzantine millaresia struck for Constantine IX Monomachos (1042–1055), probably part of the salary of a Gotlandic mercenary and ex-member of the Varangian guard. The second hoard (t.p.q. 999) is interesting from a metrological point of view, as it contains several interlinked payment spirals and bundles containing hack-silver. There is also a magnificent silver sword chape, probably a masterpiece from a Kievan workshop, with a graffito showing two crossed single-edged swords of J. Petersen’s type T, V or W.

The Vikings in the Balkans (Tenth to 11th Centuries). Strategic and Tactical Changes. New Archaeological Data on the Weaponry

Valery Yotov

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 321–327

Abstract

For a long time the interest of many scholars has been focused on issues of the Viking (Varangian, Norman) presence in the Balkans. However, a series of strategic and tactical changes happened in warfare after the raids undertaken by the Russian-Varangian Knyaz (Prince) Sviatoslav in Bulgaria in the late tenth century AD. Therefore, special attention could be given to a series of new artefacts of north European (or Scandinavian) origin, which consists mainly of weapons and military equipment.

Armed and Expected. Traders and their Ways in Viking-Time

Vladas Žulkus

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 310–320

Abstract

The Baltic traders’ stimulation for trading with foreign countries was caused by the shortage of iron, the necessity to obtain good arms, salt, metals for bronze manufacturing, and silver. Apart from traditional goods, like slaves, furs and honey, traders from Scandinavian and west Slavic centres were interested in rye, horses of local breeds, and Baltic ornaments. Aquatic routes up and down rivers were convenient and fast in winter. In Viking times, traders could reach the neighbourhood of Kaunas, trading there for several days, and get back to the Baltic Sea in about 20 days. Navigation away from Kaunas upstream included dugouts, primitive flat-bottomed boats and even rafts. Sailing up and down the river can be proved by information about sailing in Crusaders’ times (13th and 14th centuries). Travelling in foreign territories was dangerous, so traders were usually armed. Arms were discovered in about 60% of the so-called “traders’ graves” of Lithuanian coastal cemeteries.

The Meaning of Weapons as Grave Goods: Examples from Two Southwest Finnish Crusade Period Cemeteries

Sari Mäntylä

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 302–309

Abstract

The various ways of interpreting the meaning of battle-axes and swords as grave goods are discussed. Two Finnish Crusade Period (1050–1200AD) inhumation cemeteries (Kirkkomäki in Turku and Rikalanmäki in Halikko) are presented as a case study. Both swords and battle-axes in these cemeteries had several meanings: they were effective weapons, but also important symbols of the wealth and status of their owners and community. They also had other symbolic and magical dimensions, which were important in the burial ritual.

Graves of the Unburied: Symbolic Iron Age Warrior Burials in East Lithuania

Laurynas Kurila

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 292–301

Abstract

The paper analyses symbolic warrior burials found in East Lithuanian barrows dated to the Iron Age. The discussed graves contain mainly weapons, without any human remains. Judging from the grave assemblages and the shapes of the weapons, it is supposed that higher-status individuals used to be buried symbolically more frequently. Stressing the male gender and the warrior status was the primary task when performing a symbolic burial.

Weapons in Iron Age Women’s Graves

Andra Simniškytė

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 283–291

Abstract

Female graves, which contain a wholly unfeminine or male-related grave inventory, and not only a single item, are discussed in this paper. The main intention is not to describe in great detail these graves, but rather, by removing them from the context, to approach them as possible archaeological evidence of cross-dressing. Drawing on different historical parallels, a tentative explanation is suggested following two supposed inspirations for cross-dressing: cross-dressing by military consideration, and cross-dressing by cultural consideration.

Tenth to 11th Century Warrior Burials with Horse-Trappings in the Latgallian Area

Antonija Vilcāne

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 273–282

Abstract

During the Late Iron Age, the southeastern part of Latvia, particularly the upper and middle course of the River Dubna, was one of the most densely populated areas of Latgallian habitation. In the course of archaeological research at Late Iron Age cemetery sites, various burial practices have been observed that have not been encountered at Latgallian burial sites outside this area. Here, in addition to evidence of the familiar Latgallian burial practices, horse-trappings have been found in several tenth to 11th-century male grave inventories.

Collectivity Versus Individuality: the Warrior Ideology of Iron Age Burial Rites on Saaremaa

Marika Mägi

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 263–272

Abstract

The article presents an overview of burial customs on the Estonian island of Saaremaa from 1000BC up to Christianisation, discussing the social organisation behind the archaeological material. Special attention is paid to collective attitudes displayed in cemeteries where bones of different burials were completely mixed, and on transformation periods, which at times brought individual burials or the custom to deposit weapons in graves.

Warfare and Power in the Late Prehistoric Societies in the Territory of Latvia (tenth to 12th Centuries)

Andris Šnē

Pub. online: 9 Nov 2007 Type: Article

Open Access

Journal: Archaeologia Baltica Volume 8 (2007): Weapons, Weaponry and Man (In memoriam Vytautas Kazakevičius), pp. 254–262

Abstract

The article is devoted to the role of military activities in socio-political developments in Latvia during the Late Iron Age (tenth to 12th centuries). The topics of weapons as prestige items, warrior burials and their relation to the retinue, as well as military symbolism and warfare as the source of power, are discussed on the basis of archaeological material of the Livs, Curonians*, Semigallians and Latgallians.

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