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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">csat</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Computational Science and Techniques</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2029-9966</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub"/>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>KU</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1_ELBAUOMY</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15181/csat.v10.2602</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>POWER-BALANCE ASSESSMENT OF PEMFC–BATTERY–PV HYBRID ARCHITECTURES FOR A ROUTE-INSPIRED PROTOTYPE CATAMARAN</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ElBauomy</surname>
            <given-names>Aya A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:ayaahmed15@adj.aast.edu">ayaahmed15@adj.aast.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_csat_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_csat_aff_000">Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0970-1826</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Šimkonienė</surname>
            <given-names>Gintvilė</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:gintvile.simkoniene@ku.lt">gintvile.simkoniene@ku.lt</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_csat_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_csat_aff_001">Klaipėda University</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdelgeliel</surname>
            <given-names>Mostafa Ahmed</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:mostafa.geliel@aast.edu">mostafa.geliel@aast.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_csat_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_csat_aff_002">Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tonbol</surname>
            <given-names>Kareem M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:ktonbol@aast.edu">ktonbol@aast.edu</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_csat_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_csat_aff_003">Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>10</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>692</fpage>
      <lpage>701</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Creative Commons Attribution License</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Author</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Maritime decarbonization requires propulsion systems that are low-emission and dynamically suitable for repeated short-route operation. This paper presents a route-inspired, time-domain power-balance assessment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-based hybrid architectures for a 1.80 m prototype catamaran. A real ferry operating context in the Suez Canal region was translated into a representative 15 min prototype operating cycle repeated over an 8 h operating window. Three cases were evaluated under the same DC-bus load basis: Case 1, PEMFC + Battery; Case 2, PEMFC + PV; and Case 3, PEMFC + PV + Battery. The PEMFC-battery calculations were based on DC-bus power balance, converter, battery-current, and SOC equations, while the PV contribution was calculated using a shipboard PV power model with PVGIS seasonal irradiance and temperature inputs. The results show that Case 1 eliminates repeated startup deficits through battery support, whereas Case 2 reduces PEMFC loading but cannot remove startup deficits without an energy buffer. Under the best seasonal PV input, July, the PV peak reached 84.88 W, and the PV-used energy in Case 2 was 399.64 Wh. Case 3 increased the utilized PV-bus energy to 450.87 Wh, maintained the final SOC at 0.90, and removed the repeated transient deficits under the adopted ideal power-balance assumptions. Therefore, the PEMFC + PV + Battery architecture is selected as the preferred configuration for the next experimental prototype phase.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>PEMFC</kwd>
        <kwd>battery</kwd>
        <kwd>photovoltaic</kwd>
        <kwd>hybrid propulsion</kwd>
        <kwd>DC-bus power balance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
