Lexicography of the Latvian language is currently working on issues related to research on neology and its inclusion in the electronic version of the ‘Dictionary of the Modern Latvian Language’. Looking at these issues in a wider context, it can be concluded that in many parts of the world, as well as in neighbouring Lithuania, work on neology and its research takes on a different perspective; therefore, it is important to identify these different practices and theories, providing a comparative insight into the experience of neology research in Latvia. This article provides a general overview of neology research trends, and issues in the lexicography of Latvia and Lithuania.