The article is devoted to the investigations on the links between Lithuanian and Polish music from the 2nd half of the 20th C. The years of Soviet occupation that plunged a major part of authors into the grip of social realism formed, however, Lithuanian modernism although one of its branches (with a slighter loss and carrying on the trends of modernism of the interwar period of independence) was developed in the emigration (Bacevičius, Kačinskas, Gaidelis). The ideological inspirations of modernism and principles of compositional technique were borrowed from the neighbours (the Polish composers) by many authors. The ties between Lithuanian and Polish musicologists are worth a separate study: they began with music literature and later visits of Polish musicologists to Lithuania and vice versa made useful personal contacts. Besides, joint events were organised (9 Lithuanian–Polish conferences have been held so far). In the new open world situation Poland remains a significant partner of music and musicological ties for Lithuania.