The article is devoted to the historical investigations on the dreams about the revival of Polish-Lithuanian State at the beginning of the 20th C. That is once again about two-level Polish-Lithuanian national awareness. Both attachment to the Catholic faith inseparable from respect for the Polish language and Polish education were the main determinants of Polish identity in Lithuania at the beginning of 20th century. Preservation of tradition of independence found expression in fostering the idea of the revival of Polish-Lithuanian State. Political system and the size of the State were hardly imaginable. During the first years of the 20th century even in Warsaw there were rare attempts to establish, to specify what Polish country to desire. It was useless to ask the Poles in Vilnius or Kaunas about their precise political plans.