Based on documents in the Kaliningrad Regional State Archive, the article considers the health of the German population and Soviet people in East Prussia (the territory of the Special Military District and subsequently – the Kaliningrad Region). Factors, such as provisioning/nutrition, the state and dynamics of the health care system and living conditions that influenced the civilian population’s incidences of disease and mortality rates during the first post-war years are examined. Special attention is given to the lives of German and Soviet children in the East Prussia in 1945-1947.